GD&T
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Geometric
Dimensionin
g
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&
GD&T
It is a symbolic language used on
engineering drawings and models
to define the allowable deviation
of feature geometry.
Uses “Feature Control Frames” To
Indicate Tolerance(s)
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Geometry
The?
“G” in GD&T refers to
Geometric Forms
– e.g., plane, circle, cylinder, square, or
hexagon
Theoretically these forms are
Perfect – but any REAL Form will be
Inperfect
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GD&T
DIMENSION is a geometric
characteristic the size of which is
specified such
alength,angle,location, or center
distance
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GD&T
DIMENSION is a geometric
characteristic the size of which is
specified such as
length,angle,location,or center
distance
TOLERANCE on a dimension is the
total permissible variation in its
size, which is equal to the
difference between the limits of
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size.
Geometric Tolerance
• Geometric tolerance:- It is
the maximum permissible
variation of form, profile,
orientation, location, and run
out that indicated or
specified on a drawing.
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History Of Tolerancing
• In the 1800’s, manufacturing used the “cut &
try, file & fit” approach.
• The plus-minus (or coordinate) system of
tolerancing was next developed.
• In the 1900’s, the first GD&T standards came
out to improve the quality & utility of
engineering drawings.
• In 1966, the united GD&T standard was
published → ANSI - Y14.5M
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GD&T Definitions
• Feature
– General term applied to a physical portion of a part,
such as a surface, hole, or slot.
• Feature of Size (FOS)
– One cylindrical or spherical surface, or a set of parallel
surfaces, associated with a size dimension. (Can be
external or internal)
• Tolerance Zones
– All geometric tolerances have imaginary tolerance
zones that are the basis for acceptance or rejection of
the product
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
14 Symbols used in GD&T to
further define the characteristics
of the part on drawing
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
14 Symbols used in GD&T to further
define the characteristics of the part on drawing
5 Categories of characteristics exist:
Form
Profile
Orientation
Location
Runout
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOLS
14 characteristics that may be controlled
TYPE OF TYPE OF
CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOL
FEATURE TOLERANCE
FLATNESS
INDIVIDUAL STRAIGHTNESS
(No Datum FORM
Reference) CIRCULARITY
CYLINDRICITY
INDIVIDUAL LINE PROFILE
or RELATED PROFILE
FEATURES SURFACE PROFILE
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOLS
14 characteristics that may be controlled
TYPE OF TYPE OF
CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOL
FEATURE TOLERANCE
PERPENDICULARITY
ORIENTATION ANGULARITY
PARALLELISM
RELATED
FEATURES CIRCULAR RUNOUT
(Datum RUNOUT
Reference TOTAL RUNOUT
Required)
CONCENTRICITY
LOCATION POSITION
SYMMETRY
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Straightness
•Straightness:- A condition in
which an element of a surface
or an axis is a straight line
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Straightness
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Flatness
•Flatness:- A condition
in which all elements of
a surface are in one
plane
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Flatness
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Circularity
•Circularity:- Circularity is a
condition where all points of
revolution, at any section
perpendicular to a common axis,
are equidistant from that axis.
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Circularity
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Cylindricity
•Cylindricity:- A condition of a
surface of revolution in which all
points of the surface are
equidistant from a common
axis.
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Cylindricity
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Profile Of A Line
•Profile Of A Line:- It is the
condition permitting a uniform
amount of profile variation, ether
unilaterally or bilaterally, along a
line element of a feature.
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Profile Of A Line
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Profile Of A Surface
•Profile Of A Surface:- It is the
condition permitting a uniform
amount of profile variation, either
unilaterally or bilaterally, on a
surface.
•
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Profile Of A Surface
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Position
•Position:- A zone within which
the center, axis, or center plane
of a feature of size is permitted to
vary from its true (theoretically
exact) position
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Position
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Position
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Profile Of A Surface
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Concentricity
• Concentricity:- IT describes a
condition in which two or more
features , in any combination,
have a common axis.
•
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Concentricity
Similar to Cylindrical Tolerance, but related to a
DATUM Cylinder
• The ENTIRE Axis of the Concentric Feature
Must Lie within the Tolerance Zone Relative
to the Datum centerline
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Symmetry
• Symmetry:- It is a condition in
which a feature (or features) is
symmetrically disposed about the
center plane of a datum feature.
•
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Symmetry
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Parallelism
• Parallelism:- The
condition of a surface or
axis which is equidistant at
all points from a datum of
reference.
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Parallelism
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Perpendicularity
• Perpendicularity:- The condition
of a surface, axis, median plane,
or line which is exactly at 90
degrees with respect to a datum
plane or axis.
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Perpendicularity
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Angularity
• Angularity:- IT is the condition of
a surface, axis, or center plane,
which is at a specified angle from
a datum plane or axis.
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Angularity
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Runout
• Runout:- It is the composite
deviation from the desired form
of a part surface of revolution
through one full rotation (360
deg) of the part on a datum axis.
•
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Runout
• In Runout Case Could be
some Combo of Circularity &
Concentricity
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Total Runout
• Total Runout:- IT is the
simultaneous composite control
of all elements of a surface at all
circular and profile measuring
positions as the part is rotated
through 360.
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Total Runout
• In Total Runout Case add
Straightness to the list
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GD&T
Feature
A general term applied to a
physical portion of a part
such as a surface, hole or
slot, etc.
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GD&T
• Feature control frame:- A
feature control frame is a
rectangular box divided into
compartments within which the
geometric characteristic symbol,
tolerance, modifiers, and datum
references are used.
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Feature Control Frame
Datum Reference
Feature Modifier
Tolerance Zone
Geometric Characteristic
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Feature Control Frame
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Feature Control Frame
Modifier
GD&T modifiers communicate additional
information about the part. This information
is used to better understand the meaning
of the drawing and how to manufacture that
part.
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GD&T
• Datum:- A theoretically
exact plane, point or axis
from which a dimensional
measurement is made.
Datum Reference A A A
Symbols →
ANSI ASME ISO
1982 1994
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The Datum Planes
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GD&T
Any Questions?
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GD&T
Thank You
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