Abnormal Psychology Jill M. Hooley | James N.
Butcher
Seventeenth Edition, Global Edition Matthew K. Nock | Susan Mineka
Chapter 1
Abnormal
Psychology:
Overview and
Research
Approaches
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Multimedia Directory
• Slide 11What Does It Mean to Have a Mental Disorder?
• Slide 50Research close-up: Correlational and Experimental Designs
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Learning Objectives (1 of 3)
1.1 Explain how we define abnormality and classify mental
disorders.
1.2 Describe the advantages and disadvantages of
classification.
1.3 Explain how culture affects what is considered
abnormal and describe two different culture-specific
disorders.
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Learning Objectives (2 of 3)
1.4 Distinguish between incidence and prevalence and
identify the most common and prevalent mental disorders.
1.5 Discuss why abnormal psychology research can be
conducted in almost any setting.
1.6 Describe three different approaches used to gather
information about mental disorders.
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Learning Objectives (3 of 3)
1.7 Explain why a control (or comparison group) is
necessary to adequately test a hypothesis.
1.8 Discuss why correlational research designs are
valuable, even though they cannot be used to make causal
inferences.
1.9 Explain the key features of an experimental design.
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What Do We Mean by Abnormality?
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Indicators of Abnormality
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Indicators of Abnormality
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The DSM-5 Definition of Mental
Disorder
MENTAL
DISORDER
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The DSM-5 Definition of Mental
Disorder
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What Does It Mean to Have a Mental
Disorder?
Click to see video with closed c`aptioning
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Classification and Diagnosis
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Classification and Diagnosis
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How Can We Reduce Prejudicial
Attitudes Toward People Who Are
Mentally Ill?
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Culture and Abnormality
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Culture-Specific Disorders
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How Common Are Mental Disorders?
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Prevalence and Incidence
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Prevalence and Incidence
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Prevalence and Incidence
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Prevalence Estimates for Mental
Disorders
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Figure 1.1 Prevalence of Serious Mental Illness Among U.S. Adults (2012)
Rates of severe mental illness are higher in women, people ages 26 to 49, and some minority groups.
(Data courtesy of SAMHSA)
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Figure 1.2 The Burden of Mental Illness for Different Disorders Across the Lifespan
Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) for various mental and substance use disorders are shown
according to age. DALYs represent the total (worldwide) number of otherwise healthy years of life that
are lost or profoundly impacted because of the disorder. Depression causes the greatest total disability.
This is because depression is a relatively common disorder.
(Adapted from Whiteford et al., 2013. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance
use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet, 382, 1580.)
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Treatment
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Mental Health Professionals
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Types of Mental Health
Professionals
How many can you name?
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Research Approaches in Abnormal
Psychology
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Sources of Information
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Case Studies
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Self-Report Data
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Observational Approaches
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Forming and Testing Hypotheses
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Sampling and Generalization
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Sampling and Generalization
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Internal and External Validity
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Criterion and Comparison Groups
Complete the following sentence:
To test hypotheses, researchers use a
comparison (control) group of people
who ________.
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Correlational Research Designs
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Figure 1.4 Correlational Research Designs
In correlational research, data are collected from two different samples or groups and are then
compared.
(Adapted from Petrie & Sabin, 2000. Medical Statistics at a Glance. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd.)
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Measuring Correlation
Correlation
of zero
Correlation
coefficient (r)
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Figure 1.5 Scatterplots of data illustrating positive, negative, and no correlation between two variables.
Dots indicate a given person’s score on the two variables of interest. A strong positive correlation (r − +
1.0) means that high scores on one variable are associated with high scores on the second variable,
creating a forward-sloping straight line. For example, we would expect there to be a positive correlation
between weight and the number of calories eaten per day. When there is a strong negative correlation (r
− −1.0), high scores on the first variable are associated with low scores on the second variable, creating
a backward-sloping straight line. A relevant example here would be the association between weight and
time spent exercising per day. When there is no correlation (r = 0), scores on the independent variable
tell us nothing about scores on the dependent variable. An example here might involve weight and
astrological sign.
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Statistical Significance
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Effect Size
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Meta-Analysis
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Correlations and Causality
If two variables are correlated, there are multiple
possible reasons for this.
How many reasons can you identify?
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Correlations and Causality
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Retrospective versus
Prospective Strategies
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The Experimental Method
in Abnormal Psychology
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The Experimental Method
in Abnormal Psychology
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Figure 1.6 Experimental Research Designs
In experimental research, participants are assessed at baseline and then randomly assigned to different
groups (e.g., a treatment and a control condition). After the experiment or treatment is completed, data
collected from the two different groups are then compared.
(Adapted from Petrie & Sabin, 2000. Medical Statistics at a Glance. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd.)
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Research close-up: Correlational and
Experimental Designs
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Studying the Efficacy of Therapy
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Single-Case Experimental Designs
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Figure 1.7 An ABAB Experimental Design: Kris’s Treatment
In the A phase, baseline data are collected. In the B phase, a treatment is introduced. This treatment is
then withdrawn (second A phase) and then reinstated (second B phase). In this example, hair
manipulation declines with use of wrist weights, returns to pretreatment (baseline) levels when they are
withdrawn, and declines again when they are reintroduced.
(Data adapted from Rapp et al., 2000. Treatment of hair pulling and hair manipulation maintained by
digital-tactile stimulation. Behavior Therapy, 31, pp. 381–93.)
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Animal Research
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Unresolved Issues
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