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Exponentials and Inverse Functions Guide

Chapter-0

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3 views73 pages

Exponentials and Inverse Functions Guide

Chapter-0

Uploaded by

sadiksharkar
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CHAPTER0

EXPONENTIALS,
LOGARITHMS AND OTHER
TRANSCENDENTAL
FUNCTIONS

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Proof see p. 483-484

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Proof see p. 491

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Proof see p. 497

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For any

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In this age, we are all keenly aware of how infection by food-borne microorganisms causes
disease. Certain strains of the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) have become particularly
notorious.

If we let y(t) represent the number of bacteria in a culture at time t,


then the rate of change of the population with respect to time is y(t).
Thus, since y(t) is proportional to y(t), we have

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In general, sup

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Inverse sine function:

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Inverse cosine function:

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Inverse tangent function:

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Inverse secant function:

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for -1 < x < 1.

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for -1 < x < 1.

, for | x | > 1.

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Finding the Derivative of an Inverse Trigonometric
8.1 Function

Compute the derivative of (a) cos -1(3x2) and (b) (sec -1x)2.

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(a) From the chain rule, we have

(b) Also from the chain rule, we have

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Integrals Involving the Inverse Trigonometric Functions

(8.1)

(8.2)

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8.3 An Integral Related to tan-1x

Evaluate

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Notice that the integrand is nearly the derivative of tan -1x. However, the
constant in the denominator is 9, instead of the 1 we need. With this in mind,
we rewrite the integral as

If we let then du = dx and hence,

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We leave it as an exercise to prove the more general formula:

8.4 An Integral Requiring a Simple Substitution

Evaluate

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Think about how you might approach this. You probably won't recognize an
antiderivative immediately. Remember that it often helps to look for terms
that are derivatives of other terms. You should also recognize that e2x = (ex)2.
With this in mind, we let u = ex, so that du = ex dx. We then have

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6.9 Hyperbolic Function

The hyperbolic sine function is defined by

for all x (- , ). The hyperbolic cosine function is defined by

again for all x (- , ).


,

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You can easily use the preceding definitions to verify the important identity

, (9.1)
for any value of u. (We leave this as an exercise.) In light of this identity, notice that if x
= cosh u and y = sinh u, then

which you should recognize as the equation of a hyperbola.

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We define the hyperbolic tangent function the hyperbolic cotangent function
the hyperbolic secant function sech x and the hyperbolic cosecant function csch x as
follows:

First, note that

Similarly, we can establish the remaining derivative formulas:

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9.1 Computing the Derivative of a Hyperbolic Function

Compute the derivative of f (x) = sinh2(3x) .

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From the chain rule, we have

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INVERSE HYPERBOLIC

For any x (- , ), we define the inverse hyperbolic sine by

For any x 1, we define the inverse hyperbolic cosine by


.
Finally, for any x (-1, 1), we define the inverse hyperbolic tangent by

Inverses for the remaining three hyperbolic functions can be defined similarly and are left
to the exercises. We show the graphs of and in
Figures 6.48a, 6.48b and 6.48c, respectively. (As usual, you can obtain these by reflecting
the graph of the original function through the line y = x. )

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we have shown that

Note the similarity with the derivative formula for sin -1x. We can likewise establish
derivative formulas for the other five inverse hyperbolic functions. We list these below
for the sake of completeness.

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Common questions

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Hyperbolic functions are related to exponential functions through their definitions: the hyperbolic sine function is defined as sinh(x) = (e^x - e^-x)/2 and the hyperbolic cosine function as cosh(x) = (e^x + e^-x)/2. A key identity involving these functions is cosh^2(u) - sinh^2(u) = 1, which is analogous to the identity cos^2(theta) + sin^2(theta) = 1 for trigonometric functions .

The hyperbolic secant, sech(x), is defined as 1/cosh(x), and the hyperbolic cosecant, csch(x), is defined as 1/sinh(x). In calculus, these functions are used to define their respective derivatives and integrals, similar to trigonometric functions, allowing for the analysis and solving of equations involving hyperbolic components .

Computing the derivative of an inverse trigonometric function like cos^-1(3x^2) involves applying the chain rule. First, derive the standard derivative formula for cos^-1(u), -1/sqrt(1-u^2), where u is the inner function, then multiply by the derivative of that inner function, 3x^2, resulting in -6x/sqrt(1-(3x^2)^2).

To evaluate an integral involving tan^-1(x), recognize terms that resemble derivatives of known antiderivatives. For instance, if the integrand is similar to 1/(1+x^2), which is the derivative of tan^-1(x), adjust constants appropriately. Rewrite the integral in a form that matches the derivative of tan^-1(x) directly. This method often involves substitution to simplify the expression, such as setting u = x, du = dx, leading to evaluating simpler integral forms .

Inverse hyperbolic functions are derived by reflecting the graph of the original hyperbolic function about the line y = x. The inverse hyperbolic sine function is defined as sinh^-1(x), the inverse hyperbolic cosine as cosh^-1(x) for x ≥ 1, and the inverse hyperbolic tangent as tanh^-1(x) for x in (-1, 1). These definitions help to find unique values for functions like sinh^-1(x) = ln(x + sqrt(x^2 + 1)).

To find the derivative of a function like f(x) = sinh^2(3x), apply the chain rule. First, differentiate the outer function with respect to its argument, yielding 2sinh(3x) * cosh(3x), then multiply by the derivative of the inner function, 3x, which is 3. Therefore, the derivative is 6sinh(3x)cosh(3x).

The derivative formulas for inverse trigonometric functions like sin^-1(x) and inverse hyperbolic functions like sinh^-1(x) exhibit structural similarities. For example, both involve square root terms in the denominator, reflecting their geometric interpretations. Specifically, the derivative of sinh^-1(x) is 1/sqrt(x^2 + 1), paralleling the form of the derivative for other inverse trigonometric functions .

Exponential growth in biological contexts, like bacterial growth, is modeled using the differential equation dy/dt = ky, where y(t) is the population at time t, and k is the growth rate constant. This differential equation describes how the rate of population change is proportional to its current size, leading to solutions like y(t) = y(0)e^(kt), which depict exponential growth over time .

A recommended strategy for handling complex integrals is to look for terms that are derivatives of other terms within the integral. Recognizing familiar patterns can lead to substitution methods. For instance, if an integral involves e^(2x), consider substitution like u = e^x, reducing the complexity by using known derivatives, thus simplifying the integral calculation .

The equation cosh^2(u) - sinh^2(u) = 1, derived from the definitions of hyperbolic sine and cosine, provides insights into their geometric interpretation as parameters of a hyperbola x^2 - y^2 = 1. It highlights how hyperbolic functions can describe the shape and structure of hyperbolas, contrasting with circular functions' description of circles, thereby illustrating their role in modeling hyperbolic geometry .

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