OSI Model & TCP/IP

Out Line
Introduction OSI
OSI History
OSI Layers
Introduction TCP/IP
TCP/IP Layers
Layering Considered Harmful?
Introduction OSI

 The Open System Interconnection

Reference Model (OSI Reference Model
or OSI Model) is an abstract description for
layered communications and computer
network protocol design.
 It divides network architecture into seven
layers which, from top to bottom, are the
Application, Presentation, Session, Transport,
Network, Data Link, and Physical Layers. It is
therefore often referred to as the OSI Seven
Layer Model.
OSI History

In 1978, the International

Standars Organization (ISO)
began to develop its OSI
framework architecture.
OSI has two major components:
an abstract model of networking,
called the Basic Reference Model
or seven-layer model, and a set
of specific protocols.
OSI History
The concept of a 7 layer model
was provided by the work of
Charles Bachman, then of
Honeywell.
 Various aspects of OSI design
evolved from experiences with
the Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network (ARPANET) and
the fledgling Internet.
 OSI Layers
OSI Model
Data
Layer Function
unit
Network process to
7. Application
application
Data Data representation,
Host 6. Presentation
encryption and decryption
layers
5. Session Interhost communication
Segme End-to-end connections
4. Transport
nts and reliability, Flow control
Path determination and
Packet 3. Network
logical addressing
Media
Frame 2. Data Link Physical addressing
layers
Media, signal and binary
Going from
Bit layer [Link] 7: Please Do Not Throw Sausage
Physical
transmission
Pizza Away
Going from layer 7 to 1: All People Seem To Need Data
Processing
Layer1: Physical Layer
The Physical Layer defines the
electrical and physical
specifications for devices. In
particular, it defines the
relationship between a device
and a physical medium.
This includes the layout of pin,
voltages, cable specification,
hubs, repeaters, network
adapters, host bus adapters, and
more.
Layer1: Physical Layer
The major functions and services
performed by the Physical Layer
are:
◦ Establishment and termination of a
connection to a communication
medium.
◦ Participation in the process whereby the
communication resources are
effectively shared among multiple
users. For example, flow control.
◦ Modulation, or conversion between the
representation of digital data in user
equipment and the corresponding
signals transmitted over a
communications channel. These are
signals operating over the physical
 Layer1: Physical Layer
con.
The same applies to local-area networks,
such as Ethernet, token ring ,
FDDI(Fiber Distributed Data Interface),
ITU-T( International Telecommunication
Union
Telecommunication Standardization Secto
r) [Link] and IEEE802.1I.
Personal area networks such as
Bluetooth and IEEE 802.15.4.
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
The Data Link Layer provides the
functional and procedural means to
transfer data between network
entities and to detect and possibly
correct errors that may occur in the
Physical Layer.
Originally, this layer was intended
for point-to-point and point-to-
multipoint media, characteristic of
wide area media in the telephone
system.
The data link layer is divided into
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
One is Media Access Control
(MAC) and another is Logical Link
Control (LLC).
Mac is lower sub-layer, and it
defines the way about the media
access transfer, such as
CSMA/CD/CA(Carrier Sense
Multiple Access/Collision
Detection/Collision Avoidance)
LLC provides data transmission
method in different network. It
will re-package date and add a
Layer 3: Network Layer
The Network Layer provides the
functional and procedural means
of transferring variable
length data sequences from a
source to a destination via one or
more networks, while maintaining
the quality of service requested
by the Transport Layer.
Layer 3: Network Layer
The Network Layer performs
◦ network routing functions,
◦ perform fragmentation and
reassembly,
◦ report delivery errors.
Routers operate at this layer—
sending data throughout the
extended network and making
the Internet possible.
Layer 4: Transport Layer
The Transport Layer provides
transparent transfer of data
between end users, providing
reliable data transfer services to
the upper layers.
The Transport Layer controls the
reliability of a given link through
flow control,
segmentation/desegmentation,
and error control.
 Layer 4: Transport Layer
Feature Name TP0 TP1 TP2 TP3 TP4

Connection oriented network Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Connectionless network No No No No Yes
Concatenation and separation No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Segmentation and reassembly Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Error Recovery No Yes No Yes Yes
Reinitiate connection (if an
excessive number of PDUs are No Yes No Yes No
unacknowledged)
multiplexing and
demultiplexing over a single No No Yes Yes Yes
virtual circuit
Explicit flow control No No Yes Yes Yes
Retransmission on timeout No No No No Yes
Reliable Transport Service No Yes No Yes Yes
Layer 5: Session Layer
The Session Layer controls the
dialogues (connections) between
computers.
It establishes, manages and
terminates the connections
between the local and remote
application.
It provides for full-duplex, half-
duplex, or simplex operation, and
establishes checkpointing,
Layer 5: Session Layer
The OSI model made this layer
responsible for graceful close of
sessions, which is a property of
the Transmission Control Protocol,
and also for session check
pointing and recovery, which is
not usually used in the Internet
Protocol Suite. The Session Layer
is commonly implemented
explicitly in application
environments that use remote
procedure calls.
Layer 6: Presentation
Layer
 The Presentation Layer establishes a
context between Application Layer
entities, in which the higher-layer
entities can use different syntax and
semantics, as long as the presentation
service understands both and the
mapping between them.
 This layer provides independence from
differences in data representation (e.g.,
encryption) by translating from
application to network format, and vice
versa.
 This layer formats and encrypts data to
be sent across a network, providing
freedom from compatibility problems.

Layer 7: Application Layer
 The application layer is the OSI
layer closest to the end user,
which means that both the OSI
application layer and the user
interact directly with the software
application.
Application layer functions
typically include:
◦ identifying communication partners,
◦ determining resource availability,
◦ synchronizing communication.
Layer 7: Application Layer
Identifying communication partners
◦ Determines the identity and availability
of communication partners for an
application with data to transmit.
Determining resource availability
◦ Decide whether sufficient network or
the requested communication exist.
Synchronizing communication
◦ All communication between
applications requires cooperation that is
managed by the application layer.
Layer 7: Application Layer
 Some examples of application
layer implementations include
◦ Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
◦ File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
◦ Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
OSI Feature
Open system standards over the
world
Rigorously defined structured,
hierarchical network model
Complete description of the
function
Provide standard test procedures
Introduction TCP/IP
The Internet Protocol
Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP)
is the set of communications
protocols used for the Internet and
other similar networks.
It is named from two of the most
important protocols in it:
◦ the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
and
◦ the Internet Protocol (IP), which were
the first two networking protocols
defined in this standard.
TCP/IP Layers
OSI TCP/IP
Application Layer Application Layer
TELNET, FTP, SMTP, POP3,
Presentation Layer
SNMP, NNTP, DNS,NIS, NFS,
Session Layer HTTP, ...

Transport Layer Transport Layer

TCP , UDP , ...

Network Layer Internet Layer

IP , ICMP, ARP, RARP, ...

Data Link Layer

Link Layer
FDDI, Ethernet, ISDN, X.25,...
Physical Layer
TCP/IP Stack
TCP/IP Encapsulation
TCP/IP Some Protocol
Layer Protocol
DNS, TFTP, TLS/SSL, FTP, Gopher, HTTP, IMAP, IRC,
NNTP, POP3, SIP, SMTP, SMPP, SNMP, SSH, Telnet,
Echo, RTP, PNRP, rlogin, ENRP
Applicati
on Routing protocols like BGP and RIP which run over
TCP/UDP, may also be considered part of the
Internet Layer.
Transport TCP, UDP, DCCP, SCTP, IL, RUDP, RSVP
IP (IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, IGMP, and ICMPv6

Internet OSPF for IPv4 was initially considered IP layer

protocol since it runs per IP-subnet, but has been
placed on the Link since RFC 2740.
Link ARP, RARP, OSPF (IPv4/IPv6), IS-IS, NDP
Why Layering Considered
Harmful?
In the data networking context
structured layering implies that
the functions of each layer are
carried out completely before the
protocol data unit is passed to
the next layer.
This means that the optimization
of each layer has to be done
separately.
Such ordering constraints are in
conflict with efficient
implementation of data