Nile valley University

Faculty of Graduate studies

[Link].: Quality and Reliability
Engineering
Nov. 2024
Berbar group

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
 Quality Control

Chapter 1
Introduction to
Quality
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Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
 Outline
 Introduction to Quality
 TQM
 Fundamentals of Statistics
 Control Charts for Variables
 Additional SPC techniques for
Variables

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
 Outline-Continued
 Probability
 Control Charts for Attributes
 Sampling
 Reliability
 Management and Planning Tools

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
 Learning Objectives
When you have completed this chapter
you should be able to:
 Define quality, quality control, statistical
quality control, and total quality
management.
 Know the history of quality.
 Understand the responsibilities of the
functional areas and the CEO.
 Know the quality functions served by the
computer.

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
 Definitions of Quality
What is Quality?

 Degree of excellence, or general

excellence (…has quality)
 Attribute or faculty (…Has many
good qualities)
 Relative nature, character, or
property

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
 Definitions of Quality-
Continued
What is Quality?

 Quality is conformance to
requirements or specifications
(Crosby 1979)
 Fitness for use (Juran 1988)
 Degree to which a set of inherent
characteristics fulfills requirements
(ISO 9000-2000)

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
 Dimensions of Quality-
Continued
 Transcendent definition: excellence
 Product-based definition: quantities of
product attributes
 User-based definition: fitness for
intended use
 Value-based definition: quality vs. price
 Manufacturing-based definition:
conformance to specifications

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
 The Dimensions of Quality
DIMENSION MEANING
Performance Primary product characteristics
Features Secondary characteristic
Conformance Meeting specifications or industry
standards
Reliability Consistency of performance over time
Durability Useful life
Service Resolution of problems and complaints
Response Human-to-human interface
Aesthetics Sensory characteristics
Reputation Past performance and other intangibles

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
 Quality controlm
 Management tool to achieve, sustain
and iprove quality:
1. Specification
2. Design
3. Production or installation
4. Inspection
5. Review of usage (Plan)

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
 Statistical Quality control
 Collection, analysis and interpretation
of data for use in quality management.

Quality assurance
Planned actions to provide adequate
confidence that a product or a service will
satisfy quality requirement.

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
 Total Quality Mangement
 A philosophy and a set of guiding
principle that continuously improving
organization.

Process
Customers
Supplier

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
 Historical Review
 Skilled craftsmanship during Middle Ages
 Industrial Revolution: rise of inspection
and separate quality departments
 Statistical methods at Bell System
(1924)
 The American Society for Quality (1946)
 Deming (1950)
 Juran (1954

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Historical Review-Continued
 First Quality Control Circles (1960)
 1980s
 TQM
 Statistical Process Control, SPC
 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award
 Taguchi
 ISO (1990)
 Via Internet (2000)

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Responsibility for Quality

Customer

Service Marketing
Quality
Packaging and Product Design
Storage Or Engineering
Service
Inspection
and Test Procurement

Process
Production Design

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Responsibility for Quality
Marketing
 Help to evaluate the level of product
quality that a customer wants, needs..
Design Engineering
 Translate the customer’s requirements
into operating characteristics, exact
specifications, and appropriate tolerances
Procurement
 Responsible for procuring quality
materials and components

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Responsibility for Quality
Process Design
 Develops processes and procedures
 that will produce a quality
product/service
Production
 Produce quality products and services
Inspection and Test
 Appraise the quality of purchased and
manufactured items and to report the
results

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
 Responsibility for Quality
Packaging and Storage
 Preserve and protect the quality of the product
Inspection and Test
 Appraise the quality of purchased and
manufactured items and to report the results
Service
 Fully realizing the intended function of the
product during its expected life

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
 Chief Executive Officer
The highest-ranking executive officer
within a company or corporation, who
has responsibility for overall
management of its day-to-day affairs
under the supervision of the board of
directors

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
 Chief Executive Officer
 Ultimate responsibility for quality
 35% of the time is spent on quality
 Quality performances

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Computers & Quality Control

Can be programmed to perform

complex calculations, to control a
process or test, to analyze data, to
write reports, and to recall
information on command

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Computers & Quality Control
Benefits:
 Information is stored in the computer
and transmitted efficiently to remote
terminals
 Information is provided to employee
at the same time the work assignment
is given
 Ability to quickly update or change the
information
 The probability of fewer errors

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Computers & Quality Control
Benefits:
 Powerful tool to help in the
improvement of quality
 The use of computers in quality is
as effective as the people who
create the total system

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Computers & Quality Control
Quality functions needs:
 Data collection
 Data analysis and
reporting
 Statistical analysis
 Process control
 Test and inspection
 System design

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Computers & Quality Control
Data collection:
 The decision as to how much data to
collect and analyze is based on the
reports to be issued, the processes to
be controlled, the records to be
retained, and the nature of the quality
improvement program

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
 Computer & Quality Control
Data collection cont’d.:
 Computers are well suited for the collection
of data
 Faster data transmission, fewer errors, and
lower collection costs can be achieved
 Multiple sources of data can be used
 Identifiers are necessary for data analysis,
report preparation, and record traceability

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Computers & Quality Control
Data analysis and reporting:
 Quality info is stored in the computer for
retrieval at a future time, analyzed,
reduced, and disseminated in the form of a
report
 The analysis, reduction, and reporting are
programmed to occur automatically in the
system

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Computers & Quality Control
Data analysis and reporting cont’d.:
 Data can be easily summarized
 Data can be analyzed as they are being
accumulated and corrective actions are
taken in real time
 Analysis of data using tools such as:
Pareto, Histogram, Software programs
(Excel), Charts are made easier

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Computers & Quality Control
Statistical analysis:
 Use of Statistical packages
 The quality engineer can specify a
particular sequence of statistical
calculation to use for a given set of
conditions
 Time is saved and the calculations
are error-free

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Computers & Quality Control
Statistical analysis
 Benefits:
 No more time-consuming manual
calculations
 One-time problem
 Process control

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Computers & Quality Control
Process control:
 Computer programs control the sequence
of events performed during a process
cycle
 Keep the measurement and control of
critical variables on target with minimum
variation and within acceptable control
limits

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Computers & Quality Control
Process control cont’d.:
 Computer numerically controlled
(CNC) machines, robots, and
automatic storage and retrieval
systems (ASRS)
Benefits:
Constant product quality
More uniform startup and
shutdown

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Computers & Quality Control
Process control cont’d.:
 Benefits cont’d.:
 High productivity (less
employees)
 Safer operation for personnel and
equipment

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Computers & Quality Control
Test and Inspection:
 Automated test systems can be
programmed to perform a complete
quality audit of a product

 Disadvantage:
High cost of the equipment

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Computers & Quality Control
Test and Inspection:
 Advantages:
 Improve test quality
 Lower operating cost
 Better report
preparation
 Improve precision
 Automatic calibration
 Malfunction diagnostics

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Computers & Quality Control
System Design:
 The integration of the diverse quality
function with other activities requires
an extremely sophisticated system
design
 Expert systems are computer programs
that capture the knowledge of experts
as a set of rules and relationships used
for such applications as problem
diagnosis

Besterfield: Quality Control, 8th ed.. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved