Numerical on Superelevation
Widening of Pavement : On horizontal curves, especially when they are not of very
large radii, it is a common practice to widen the pavement slightly more than the normal width.
The extra widening of pavements on horizontal curves are due to the following reasons:
1)When the vehicle takes a turn to negotiates a horizontal curve, the rear wheels do not follow
the same path as that of the front wheels. Inner front wheel takes a path on the inner edge of
a pavement at a horizontal curve, inner rear wheel will be off the pavement on the inner
shoulder. This phenomenon is called off-tracking.
2)When superelevation & lateral friction developed are not fully able to counteract the
outwards thrust due to the centrifugal force, some transvers skidding may occur & rear
wheels may take paths on the outside of curve. It can occurs only at excessive high speed.
3)To have greater visibility, the driver have tendency not to follow the central path of the lane
but to use the outer side at the beginning of a curve.
4)While two vehicles cross or overtake at horizontal curve there is a psychological tendency to
maintain a greater clearance between the vehicles than on straight for increase safety.
Camber : It is slope provided to the road surface in transvers direction to drain of the rain
from the road surface.
It is the convexity provided to the surface of carriageway or the rise given to the center of
carriageway above its edge od straight portion of road is called camber or cross fall.
Different types of camber:
1)Composite Camber
2)Slopped Camber or Straight Camber
3)Two Straight Line Camber
4)Barrel Camber
Composite camber or straight camber is provided when very flat cross slope is required as in
the case of cement concrete pavements. Two straight line camber is considered to be best for
Indian roads surface than in other types of camber. Barrel camber is preferred for fast moving
vehicles & is suggested for urban roads.
Assignment-I :
1)Write a note on Highway lighting?
2)What do you mean by traffic signal? Gives their types explain any one of them advantages &
disadvantages?
3)Explain briefly various types on intersections?
4)What are the different types of gradient?
5)Explain the different types of curve on hill road?