STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY
Heide L. Elfa
Pre-Test
1. If two coins are tossed once, which is NOT a
possible value of the random variable for the
number of heads?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
2. Which of the following is a discrete random variable?
A. Length of wire ropes
B. Number of soldiers in the troop
C. Amount of paint used in repainting the building
D. Voltage of car batteries
3. Which formula gives the probability
distribution shown by the table?
4. How many ways are there in tossing
two coins once?
A. 4
B. 3
C. 2
D. 1
5. It is a numerical quantity that is
assigned to the outcome of an experiment.
A. random variable
B. variable
C. probability
D. probability distribution
B. Classify the following random
variables as discrete or continuous.
1. The weight of the professional wrestlers
2. The number of winners in lotto for each day
3. The area of lots in an exclusive subdivision
4. The speed of a car
5. The number of dropouts in a school per
district
C. Determine the values of the random variables in each of the
following distributions.
1. Two coins are tossed. Let T be the number of tails that
occur. Determine the values of the random variable T.
2. A meeting of envoys was attended by 4 Koreans and
2 Filipinos. If three envoys were selected at random one
after the other, determine the values of the random
variable F representing the number of Filipinos .
ANSWER
A. B. C.
1. D 1. Continuous 1. 0, 1, 2
2. B 2. Discrete 2. 0, 1, 2
3. B 3. Continuous
4. A 4. Continuous
5. A 5. Discrete
Module 1:
Random Variables and
Probability Distributions
THINK and SHARE
LIST THE FF. SPACES OF THE GIVEN
EXPERIMENT.
[Link] two coins
[Link] a die
[Link] a coin and a die
[Link] a card from ordinary deck
of playing cards.
STATISTICS and PROBABILITY
• the branches of mathematics
concerned with the laws governing
random events, including the
collection, analysis, interpretation,
and display of numerical data.
Random Variable
A random variable is a variable whose
value is unknown or a function that
assigns values to each of an
experiment's outcomes. A random
variable can be either discrete (having
specific values) or continuous (any value
in a continuous range).
• A random variable may be classified as
discrete and continuous.
• A discrete • A continuous
random variable can
random variable
assume an infinite
has a countable number of values in
number of one or more intervals.
possible values.
Probability Tree Diagram
is a diagram that is used to give a visual
representation of the probabilities as well
as the outcomes of an event. A probability
tree diagram consists of two parts - nodes
and branches. A node is used to represent
an event.
Example 1
Consider the random event of tossing two
coins once, find the ff.
1. List all the possible outcomes using tree
diagram.
2. Determine the sample space.
3. Determine the possible values of random
variables.
d. Assign probability values P(X) to each of the
random variable.
4. Construct a probability histogram to
describe the P(X).
SAMPLE SPACE
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
T
3 The possible outcomes are head and tail. Assuming that it is an
unbiased coin, the random variable for head and tail will be equal. Let X
denote the variable for the number of Heads (H) obtained.
Sample Space S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
The possible values for the random variable are, {0,1,2}.
X Number of Heads Probability
2 1 ¼
1 2 2/4 or ½
0 1 1/4
Total 4 4/4 or 1
T
Example 2.
Consider the random event of tossing three coins
once, find the ff.
1. List all the possible outcomes using tree diagram.
2. Determine the sample space.
3. Determine the possible values of random
variables.
d. Assign probability values P(X) to each of the
random variable.
4. Construct a probability histogram to describe the
P(X).
S={HHH, HHT,
HTH, HTT,
THH, THT,
TTH, TTT}
X Number Probability
of Heads
0 1 1/8
1 3 3/8
2 3 3/8
3 1 1/8
Total 8 8/8 or 1
ACTIVITY
Consider the random event of tossing four coins once, find
the ff.
1. List all the possible outcomes of Tails using tree
diagram.
2. Determine the sample space.
3. Determine the possible values of random variables.
4. Assign probability values P(T) to each of the random
variable.
5. Construct a probability histogram to describe the P(T).
sample space will be;
The ff. data show the probabilities for the
number of cars sold in a given day at a car
dealer store:
Number of Cars X Probability P(X)
0 0.100
1 0.150
2 0.250
3 0.140
4 0.090
5 0.080
6 0.060
7 0.050
8 0.040
9 0.025
10 0.015
Questions:
a. Find P (X ≤ 2)
b. Find P ( X ≥ 7)
c. Find P ( 1 ≤ X ≤ 5)
Probability distribution
• is a correspondence that assigns
probabilities to a random variable. The
probability distribution of a discrete
random variable is also called
probability mass function.
• Listing of the values and the
corresponding probabilities of a discrete
random variable of a formula for the
Probability distribution
For any discrete random variable
X, the ff. is true.
• 0 ≤ P(X) ≤ 1, for each value of X
• Ʃ P(X) = 1
Probability Histogram
• is a bar graph that displays the
possible values of a discrete variable
on the horizontal axis and the
probabilities of those values on the
vertical axis.
Determine whether or not the
distribution represents a probability
distribution.
1.
Y 2 4 6 8
P(Y) 1/4 1/4 1/4 ¼
2.
X 0 1 3 5
P(X) 1/3 1/6 1/3 ¼
3. Z 4 7 8 9
P(Z) 1/5 1/5 2/5 1/5
4.
H 3 6 9
P(H) 0.35 0.15 0.50
5. G 5 10 15 20 25
P(G) 0.12 0.34 0.23 0.16 0.15
Determine whether or not the given formula
describes a probability distribution. If it
does, show the probability distribution.
1.P(X) = , for X = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2.P(X) = for X = 0, 1, 2, 3
3.P(X) = for X = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
4.P(X) = for X = 0, 1, 2, 3
ACTIVITY
Suppose three cell phones are tested at random. Let
D represent the defective cell phone and let N
represent the non-defective cell phone. If we let X be
the random variable for the number of defective cell
phones, list the sample space and construct
probability distribution of the random variable X.
a. Find P (X = 0)
b. Find P ( X ≥ 1)
c. Find P ( X ≤ 2)
Determine whether the distribution
represents a probability distribution. Explain
1. P(1) = 0.08, P(2) = 0.12, P(3) = 1.03
2. P(1)=, P(2)=, P(3)=
3. P(1) = 0, P(2) = 0.71, P(3) = 0.39
4. P(1)=, P(2)=, P(3)=
5. P(1) = 0.42, P(2) = 0.31, P(3) = 0.37
For each of the ff. determine whether it can serve
as the probability distribution of a random variable
X. Explain your answer
1. P(X) = , for X = 1, 2, 3, , ….,8
2.P(X) = for X = 1, 2, 3, ……..,9
3.P(X) = for X = 1, 2, 3, 4
4.P(X) = for X = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
THANK YOU