OPM538:

OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY, HEALTH
&
ENVIRONMENTA
L MANAGEMENT
_________________
Chapter 5:
Risk Management

by
Syazwani Ya
 • Definitions and Categories of Risks
• Risk Management Principles
Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and
TOPIC •
Risk Control (HIRARC)
OUTLIN • Initial Environmental Review (IER)
E • Risk Controls
• Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)

2
TERM AND
DEFINITIONS

Hazard Hazard Hierarchy Hazard Risk Risk Risk

Source or control of Control Identifica Combined Assessme Managem
situation Process of The tion likelihood of nt ent
that could implementi established The a hazardous The process The
cause ng priority identificatio event of procedure
human measures order for n of occurring evaluating associated
injury or to reduce the types of undesirable during a the risks to with
illness, the risk measures events that specific safety and identifying
property associated to be could period or in health a hazard,
damage, with a used to trigger the specified arising from assessing
environmen hazard. control hazard and circumstanc hazards at the risk,
tal damage, risks. their es and work putting in
or a mechanism. severity of place
combinatio injury or control
n of these. damage to measures,
persons, and
property, reviewing
the outcomes
environmen
t, or any
combinatio
WHAT IS RISKS?
 Risk is something that we as individuals live with on a day-to-day
basis. People are constantly making decisions based on risk.
 Simple decision in daily life such as driving, crossing the road
and money investment all imply an acceptance risk.
 Risk is the combination of the likelihood and severity of a
specified hazardous event occurring.

 In mathematical term, risk can be calculated by the equation

Risk = Likelihood x Severity

Likelihood is an event likely to occur within the specific period or in

specified circumstances.

Severity is outcome from an event such as severity of injury or

health of people, or damage to property, or insult to environment, or
any combination of those caused by the event.

Source: Guidelines for Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk 4

Control (2008)
 Risk is the combination of the
likelihood and severity of a specified
hazardous event occurring.

Risk = Likelihood +
Severity
Risk = Working on a platform
at high ground

Likelihood = Fell from high

ground

Severity = Fatality or Injuries

CATEGORIES OF RISKS
 The relative risk value can be used to prioritize necessary actions to effectively manage
workplace hazards.
 Table below determines the risk priority based on the following ranges:

Description Action
High A HIGH risk requires immediate action to control the
hazard as detailed in the hierarchy of control
Medium A MEDIUM risk requires a planned approach to controlling
the hazard and applies temporary measure if required.
Low A risk identified as LOW may be considered as acceptable
and further reduction may not be necessary.

Source: Guidelines for Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk

Control (2008)
RISKS MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
 Risk management is the process of identifying, assessing, and controlling risks in order to
effectively minimize or eliminate potential harm and maximize opportunities for success.
 Effective risk management can help organizations anticipate and understand risk across the
organization, manage positive risk, and optimize success by minimizing threats and maximizing
opportunities and outcomes
 It is a nonstop process that adapts and changes over time, and it requires a consistent, systemic,
and integrated approach to be effective

Source: Guidelines for Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk

Control (2008)
RISK ASSESSMENT
• Risk assessments involve comprehensive evaluations of
potential hazards in the workplace, with the aim of
determining if sufficient preventive measures have been
implemented or if additional safety measures are required to
safeguard individuals.
• A risk assessment is an important steps in:
 Protecting workers
 Protecting business
 Complying with the law
• It is imperative to undertake a risk assessment prior to
workers engaging in tasks that possess the potential to
result in harm or adverse health effects.
• One of the tools that can be used to accomplish this goal is
the Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk
Control (HIRARC) method.
• It is a method which is being used by the occupational
safety and health practitioner in the industries.

8
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK
CONTROL (HIRARC)
 Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control
(HIRARC) has become fundamental to the practice of
planning, management and the operation of a business as a
basic of risk management.

 Legislation requires that this process should be systematic and

be recorded so that the results are reliable and the analysis
complete. The risk assessment process should be continuous
and should not be regarded as a one-off exercise.

 In line with DOSH approach of PREVENTIVE MEASURES as

a way of enforcing the law on Occupational Safety and Health
(OSH), HIRARC has become an extremely important process.

 The methodology of HIRARC as proposed in this Guidelines

is intended for the assessment of physical hazards. Those
who intend to assess health hazards in their workplaces,
should make use of other risk assessment guidelines
designed specifically for such purposes.

9
THE PURPOSE OF HIRARC & ITS PROCESS

The purpose of HIRARC are as follows:- Process of HIRARC requires 4 simple steps -

a. to identify all the factors that may cause harm a. classify work activities;
to employees and others (the hazards); b. identify hazard;
b. to consider what the chances are of that c. conduct risk assessment (analyze and estimate
harm actually be falling anyone in the risk from each hazard), by calculating or
circumstances of a particular case and the estimating -
possible severity that could come from it (the
risks); and i. likelihood of occurrence, and
c. to enable employers to plan, introduce and ii. severity of hazard;
monitor preventive measures to ensure that
d. decide if risk is tolerable and apply control
the risks are adequately controlled at all
measures (if necessary).
times.
PLANNING OF HIRARC ACTIVITIES
 HIRARC activities shall be plan and conducted:

a. for situation –
i. where hazard appear to pose significant threat;
ii. uncertain whether existing controls are adequate;
or/and
iii. before implementing corrective or preventive
measures.

b. by organization intending to continuously improve OSH

Management System.

 It should be the duty of the employer to assign a trained

personnel to lead a team of employees associated with
one particular process or activity to conduct HIRARC.
FLOWCHART OF HIRARC PROCESS

Source: Guidelines of Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control. Department of Occupational Safety 12
HIRARC
PROCESS
RISK ASSESSMENT
3
CLASSIFY
1 Classify work
activities
Analyze and estimate the risk of
each hazard, by determining or
estimating
i. likelihood of occurrence,
[Link] severity of the hazard;

HAZARD RISK CONTROL

2 IDENTIFICATION
Identify hazard in the
4 Decide whether the risk
is acceptable and apply
control measures (if
work activities
necessary).
STEP 1: CLASSIFY WORK
ACTIVITIES
Classify work activities in accordance with their similarity,
such as -
i. geographical or physical areas within/outside
premises;
ii. stages in production/service process;
iii. not too big e.g., building a car;
iv. not too small e.g., fixing a nut; or
v. defined task e.g., loading, packing, mixing, fixing the
door.

Source: Guidelines of Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control. Department of Occupational Safety 14
STEP 2: HAZARD
IDENTIFICATION
• The purpose of hazard identification is to highlight the critical operations of tasks
• To identify which tasks posing significant risks to the health and safety of employees
• To highlight the identified hazards pertaining to certain equipment due to energy sources,
working conditions or activities performed.

 Hazards can be divided into three main groups,

1. Health hazards, 2. Safety hazards, [Link] hazards.

Source: Guidelines of Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control. Department of Occupational Safety
15
and Health, Malaysia.
HEALTH HAZARDS
 An occupational health hazard is any agent
that can cause illness to an individual.
 A health hazard may produce serious and
immediate (acute) affects or may cause long-
term (chronic) problems.
 All or part of the body may be affected.
 Someone with an occupational illness may not
recognize the symptoms immediately. For
example, noise-induced hearing loss is often
difficult for the affected individual to detect
until it is well advanced.
 Health hazards include chemicals (such as
battery acid and solvents), biological hazards
(such as bacteria, viruses, dusts and molds),
physical agents (energy sources strong enough
to harm the body, such as electric currents,
heat, light, vibration, noise and radiation) and
Source: Guidelines of Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control. Department of Occupational Safety 16
work design
and Health, (ergonomic) hazards.
Malaysia.
 SAFETY HAZARDS
 A safety hazard is any force strong enough to cause injury, or
damage to property.
 An injury caused by a safety hazard is usually obvious. For
example, a worker may be badly cut.
 Safety hazards cause harm when workplace controls are not
adequate. Some examples of safety hazards include, but are
not limited to -
i. slipping/tripping hazards (such as wires run across floors);
ii. fire hazards (from flammable materials);
iii. moving parts of machinery, tools and equipment (such as
pinch and nip points);
iv. work at height (such as work done on scaffolds);
v. ejection of material (such as from molding);
vi. pressure systems (such as steam boilers and pipes);
vii. vehicles (such as forklifts and trucks);
viii. lifting and other manual handling operations; and
ix. working alone.
Source: Guidelines of Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control. Department of Occupational Safety
17
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

 An environmental hazard is a
release to the environment that
may cause harm or deleterious
effects.
 An environmental release may not
be obvious. For example, a worker
who drains a glycol system and
releases the liquid to a storm
sewer may not be aware, of the
effect on the environment.
 Environmental hazards cause
harm when controls and work
procedures are notSafety followed.
Source: Guidelines of Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk
Control. Department of Occupational and Health, Malaysia.

Source: González-González, R. B., Sharma, P., Singh, S. P., Américo-Pinheiro, J. H. P., Parra-
Saldívar, R., Bilal, M., & Iqbal, H. M. (2022). Persistence, environmental hazards, and mitigation
of pharmaceutically active residual contaminants from water matrices. Science of The Total
Environment, 821, 153329.
18
INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
REVIEW (IER)
 The IER is the first step in the implementation of an Environmental Management System (EMS) -
where a business considers all the factors affecting its 'relationship' with the environment.

 IER should form the baseline and foundation for the other parts of the organization EMS.

 IER should enable the organization to:

1. identify how existing site operations have an environmental impact - e.g., the impact of
normal operating conditions, abnormal conditions and emergency situations
2. establish which of these impacts are significant and need improvement by setting objectives
and targets
3. identify breaches or potential breaches of environmental legislation
4. identify relevant EMS documentation which needs to be put in place
5. quantify emissions, discharges, and material and utility use
6. identify opportunities for improving performance and minimizing waste
7. evaluate previous emergency situations and accidents
8. develop the organization environmental policy

19
HAZARD RISK
IDENTIFICATION
 To complete hazard identification, one
ASSESSMENT
 Risk is the determination of likelihood and
can use techniques to identify hazards. severity of the credible accident/event
Some examples of techniques include, sequences in order to determine magnitude
but are not limited to - and to priorities identified hazards.
 It can be done by qualitative, quantitative or
semi quantitative method.
 Risk analysis Risk assessment can be
 Workplace achieved by:
inspection  Gathering information
 Safety audits about each hazard
 Job safety analysis identified
 Feedback from  Using of the information
workers to assess the likelihood
 Observations and consequence of each
 Advice from hazard
specialists  Producing a qualitative
 Material Safety Data Sheet
 Accident
(MSDS) records or quantitative risk
  Chemical Safety Data Sheet
MSDS/CSDS ... etc. table
(CSDS)
HOW TO RECOGNISE SAFETY HAZARDS
• In order to eliminate workplace injuries, we must first know how to find and properly identify what
type of workplace hazard that our team encounters.
• Proper identification of hazard will allow us to seek out the right solution, not just a quick fix.
• We need to customize our responses to each hazard in order to truly eliminate the safety threat.

Identify the process 1. Identify the Process

The first step in identification is to single out during what
process the injuries are happening. These processes
might be during the welding process, maintenance or
packaging stage, cleaning stage, etc.
Identify the task 2. Identify the Task
Once the process is singled out, look at which task in that
process is causing problems. If you identified the
maintenance stage during step one, the task stage might
be during mechanical repairs or electrical installation.
Identify the hazard
3. Identify the Hazard
Once the process and task have been properly
identified, the last step is to find which part of that
task is hazardous. There are five key areas to assess
when trying to pinpoint which exact part of the task is
causing issues.
IDENTIFY THE HAZARD
There are five key areas to assess when trying to pinpoint
which exact part of the task is causing issues.

1. People: are they new? Undertrained? Tired or working

overtime? Are they getting distracted by other
employees?
2. Equipment: is it old or outdated? Have all the operators
been properly trained? Is it setup according to the
manufacturer’s standards? Has it been properly
maintained?
3. Materials: do employees have proper protective gear for
handling materials? Is there proper disposal and storage
available?
4. Environment: is the worksite messy? Too crowded?
Exposed to extreme temperatures? Have proper
ventilation?
5. Process: are machine and tool processes updated
regularly? Are the production and shift schedules
LIKELIHOOD OF OCCURANCE
 This value is based on the likelihood of an event occurring.
 The question that may be asked is “How many times has this event happened in the past?”
 Assessing likelihood is based on worker experience, analysis or measurement.
 Likelihood levels range from “most likely” to “inconceivable.”
 For example, a small spill of bleach from a container when filling a spray bottle is most likely to
occur during every shift. Alternatively, a leak of diesel fuel from a secure holding tank may be
less probable.

Table below indicates likelihood using the following

values:-
SEVERITY OF HAZARD
 Severity are based upon an increasing level of severity to an individual’s health, the
environment, or to property.
 Severity can be divided into five categories.

Table below indicates severity by using the

following table:
STEP 3: RISK
ASSESSMENT
 Risk can be presented in variety of ways to communicate the results of analysis to make
decision on risk control.

 For risk analysis that uses likelihood and severity in qualitative method, presenting result in a
risk matrix is a very effective way of communicating the distribution of the risk throughout a
plant and area in a workplace.

 Risk can be calculated using the following formula:

L (Likelihood) x S (Severity) = Relative Risk (RR)

RISK MATRIX TABLE
 An example of risk matrix is shown below;

To use this matrix, first find the severity column that best describes the outcome of risk. Then follow
the likelihood row to find the description that best suits the likelihood that the severity will occur. The
risk level is given in the box where the row and column meet.

LO MEDI HIG
W UM H
RISK PRIORITY
TABLE
 The relative risk value can be used to prioritize necessary actions to effectively manage workplace
hazards.
 Table below determines the priority based on the following ranges: • Hazard assessed, as
“High Risk” must have
immediate actions, to
resolve risk to life
safety and or the
environment.
• Individuals responsible
for required action,
including follow up
must be clearly
identified.
• A further detail risk
assessment method
may require such as
quantitative risk
assessment as means
of determine suitable
STEP 4:
CONTROL
 Control is the elimination or inactivation of a hazard in a manner such that the hazard does
not pose a risk to workers who have to enter into an area or work on equipment in the
course of scheduled work.
 Hazards should be controlled at their source (where the problem is created). The closer a
control to the source of the hazard is the better.

 This method is often referred to as applying engineering controls. If this does not work,
hazards can often be controlled along the path to the worker, between the source and the
worker.

 This method can be referred to as applying administrative controls. If this is not possible,
hazards must be controlled at the level of the worker through the use of personal
protective equipment (PPE), although this is the least desirable control.
TYPE OF RISK CONTROL

0 Eliminati
1 on

SubStituti 02 Engineeri
on 03 ng

AdminiStrati 04 PP
ve 05 E
1.
ELIMINATION 2. SUBSTITUTION
Getting rid of a hazardous job, Sometimes doing the same work in a
tool, process, machine or less hazardous way is possible. For
substance is perhaps the best example, a hazardous chemical can
way of protecting workers. For be replaced with a less hazardous
example, a salvage firm might one. Controls must protect workers
decide to stop buying and from any new hazards that are
cutting up scrapped bulk fuel created.
tanks due to explosion
hazards.
 3. ENGINEERING CONTROL
• REDESI
• ISOLATI • AUTOMATIO
GN
Jobs and processes can ON
If a hazard cannot be eliminated N processes can be
Dangerous
be reworked to make or replaced, it can sometimes automated or mechanized. For
them safer. For example, be isolated, contained or example, computer-controlled
containers can be made otherwise kept away from robots can handle spot welding
easier to hold and lift. workers. For example, an operations in car plants. Care
insulated and air-conditioned must be taken to protect
control room can protect workers from robotic
operators from a toxic chemical.

• BARRIE • ABSORPTIO • DILUTIO

RSbe blocked before
A hazard can Baffles N
can block or absorb N or absorb
Baffles can block
it reaches workers. For example, noise. Lockout systems can noise. Lockout systems can
special curtains can prevent eye isolate energy sources during isolate energy sources during
injuries from welding arc repair and maintenance. repair and maintenance. Usually,
radiation. Proper equipment Usually, the further a control the further a control keeps a
guarding will protect workers keeps a hazard away from hazard away from workers, the
from contacting moving parts. workers, the more effective it more effective it is.
is.
 4. ADMINISTRATIVE
CONTROL
Safe SuperviSion
Job
Work and
rotationS
procedure training
WorkersScan be required to use Initial training on safe work Reduce the time that workers are
standardized safety practices. The procedures and refresher training exposed to a hazard. For example,
employer is expected to ensure that should be offered. Appropriate workers can be rotated through jobs
workers follow these practices. Work supervision to assist workers in requiring repetitive tendon and
procedures must be periodically identifying possible hazards and muscle movements to prevent
reviewed with workers and updated. evaluating work procedures. cumulative trauma injuries. Noisy
processes can be scheduled when no
one is in the workplace.

HouSekeeping, repair
Hygiene
and maintenance
programS
Hygiene practices can reduce
Housekeeping includes cleaning, waste the risk of toxic materials being
disposal and spill cleanup. Tools, absorbed by workers or carried
equipment and machinery are less likely home to their families.
to cause injury if they are kept clean and
5. PERSONAL PROTECTION
EQUIPMENT
 Personal protective equipment (PPE) and clothing is used when other controls
measures are not feasible and where additional protection is needed.

 Workers must be trained to use and maintain equipment properly. The employer and
workers must understand the limitations of the personal protective equipment.

 The employer is expected to require workers to use their equipment whenever it is

needed. Care must be taken to ensure that equipment is working properly.

 Otherwise, PPE may endanger a workers health by providing an illusion of

protection.
DOCUMENTING HIRARC
 The individual or team who identified the hazard must ensure proper
communication of the hazard to the appropriate workplace authority (manager,
department head, or designated person).

 Each HIRARC must be fully documented. The HIRARC form must be completed by
the HIRARC team and signed by the in-charge personnel of the area.

 Departments responsible for the hazards and their control are required to maintain
all records of assessments for at least 3 years. (In some cases, legislative
requirements will determine the minimum time to retain records).

 Management or employer must endorse and approve the HIRARC results. Employer
must communicate all HIRARC to employees, monitor the follow up action and keep
the records. The HIRARC
DOCUMENTING
PROCESS
Steps in conducting HIRARC -

a. complete HIRARC Form. It is recommended to use a single form for each

work process;
b. record the names and designation of HIRAC team members;
c. outline the process workflow and indicate in the form under ‘process/
location column;
e. list all activities ( routine and non-routine) for each work process under
the “Work Activity” column;
f. identify the hazards associated with each activity and record in “Hazard”
column;
g. determine the effect of each hazard identified and record in “Effect”
column;
h. record any existing hazard control measures;
i. determine likelihood (L) from Table A and severity (S) from Table B for each
hazard. Assign P and C rating in respectively column. The existing control
measures should be taken into consideration while determine (L) and (S);
j. by using Risk Matrix ( Table C and D ) assign one risk and record in “Risk”
column;
k. based on the risk assigned, recommend appropriate risk control measures
l. assign a suitable person to implement the recommended risk control and
indicate the follow up action date and status;
m. repeat the HIRARC for other activities and process;
n. conduct another round of HIRARC after control measures have been
implemented;
o. review HIRARC for every three years or whenever there are changes in
process or activities.
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS (JHA)

Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)

breaks a job or task into
specific steps, analyzes each
step for specific hazards, JHAs must be developed for
develops safe work each job or task. Supervisors
procedures to eliminate or and workers must complete
reduce those hazards, and the JHA together.
integrates safe work
procedures into safety and
health programs.

38
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
PROCEDURE
 Basic steps of Job Hazard Analysis is broken down into 6 major steps:

a. Select the job task to be analyzed.

 Prioritize which job tasks to analyze. Those job tasks where accidents and
injuries are occurring should be analyzed first. Look at job tasks where there is
a potential for serious injury. Look at new job tasks, these are important if a
new process requires the development of new procedures and job tasks

b. Identify the major sequence of steps for each step (Specific job step
Description).
 Once a job task has been chosen, it must be broken down into logical steps.
Limit the number of steps in a JHA to a manageable number. Most jobs can be
described in ten or less steps. The job steps must be kept in their proper
sequence to ensure a proper analysis. The opportunity to make
recommendations will come later in the analysis.

c. Identify the potential hazards for each step (Hazard Identification)

 Once the job steps have been chosen, the potential hazards for each step can
be identified. Whatever can go wrong may go wrong! What are the potential
hazards as a result of each task step? Is the worker exposed to hazardous
chemicals? Is the worker subject to poor workstation
d. Determine preventative measures to protect against the hazards
(Required Precautions)
i. The most important aspect of the job hazard analysis is to determine preventive
measures to control or eliminate the identified hazards. What actions must be
taken to control or eliminate the hazard?
ii. Eliminate the Hazard - Substitute with less hazardous substance/ material
iii. Contain/Enclose the Hazard - Use a fume hood or proper shielding
iv. Revise Safe Work Procedures - Adding additional steps
v. Reduce Worker Exposure - This is the least effective option in most cases but
may have to be used when permanent work process change is impossible or
impracticable. Examples of this option include job rotation, where worker
exposure is reduced, and the provision of personal protective equipment (PPE)
to workers.

e. Develop a worker-training program

 Reformat the job hazard analysis into a training program to help the employee
eliminate or reduce hazards.

f. Re-evaluation
 Re-evaluate the job descriptions and modify the job hazard analysis’ accordingly
HIRARC FORM
HIRARC FORM –
EXAMPLES
 SAFETY
DOESN’T
HAPPEN BY
ACCIDENT !

THANK YOU! 43