ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL, CHEMICAL AND MATERIAL

ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MACHINE DRAWING ; MEng2105
CHAPTER-4
TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT Fasteners

10/12/2024
Contents
 Threaded temporary fasteners
 Introduction
 Thread terminology
 Thread drawing and dimensions
 Non Threaded temporary fasteners
 Permanent fasteners
LEARNING OBJECTIVE

 Understanding about the function of fasteners.

 Differentiate between temporary and
permanent fasteners.
 Differentiate between threaded and non
threaded fasteners.
 Drawing representation of fasteners
Introduction
 A machine or a structure is made of a large number of
parts and they need to be joined suitably for the
machine to operate satisfactorily.
 A machine element used for holding or joining two or
more parts of a machine or structure is known as
fastener.
 The process of joining the parts is called fastening.

 Two types of fasteners:

 Permanent fasteners
 4
Introduction
 Permanent fasteners:
 Riveted joints
 Welded joints
 Removable (temporary) fasteners:
 Threaded fasteners – screws, bolts and nuts,
studs.
 Keys, cotters and pin joints

5
 FASTENING TYPE
1. Permanent
Welding Gluing Riveting

6
 FASTENING TYPE
2. Temporary

2.1 Threaded fastener

- bolts (through, tap)
- studs
- screws (CAP , Machine, set)

2.2 Non-threaded fastener

key
- keys
- pin

7
Threaded Fasteners

8
 THREAD APPLICATION
1. To hold parts together.
2. To move part(s) relative to others.

Part A Part B

Part C

9
 THREAD APPLICATION
1. To hold parts together.
2. To move part(s) relative to others.

Wood working vise Palm fruit pressing machine

10
 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
External A thread cut on the outside of
thread a cylindrical body.

Internal A thread cut on the inside of

thread a cylindrical body.

External thread
Internal thread

11
 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Right-hand Thread that will assemble when
thread turned clockwise.

Left-hand Thread that will assemble when

thread turned counter-clockwise.

12
13
 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Crest The peak edge of a thread.

Root The bottom of the thread cut into

a cylindrical body.
Thread angle The angle between threads faces.
distance measured parallel to the axis,
pitch
between corresponding points on
adjacent screw threads.

Root

Crest
14
 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
The largest diameter on
Major diameter
an internal or external thread.
The smallest diameter on
Minor diameter
an internal or external thread.
diameter of an imaginary cylinder,
Pitch diameter
passing through the threads at the
points where the thread width is
equal to the space between the
threads.

15
 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
The distance between crests of
Pitch
threads.

Lead The distance a screw will advance

when turned 360o.
Thread assemble occurs if and only if both (internal & external)
thread have an equal nominal size (or diameter) and pitch.

16
THREAD TERMINOLOGY

17
 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Form is the profile shape of the
Thread Form
thread.

18
PROFILE / FORM OF SCREW THREAD
 There are two basic screw thread profiles.:
 Triangular or 'V' thread
 Square thread.
 When the thread has a triangular or V-cross
section, it is called as V-threads.
 All types of V threads have inclined flanks making
an angle between them.
 V threads are used "to tighten two parts together"
as in bolts and nuts, studs and nuts, screws etc.
 Some of V type threads are:
 B.S.W. thread
 Metric thread
19
20
PROFILE / FORM OF SCREW THREAD
 When the thread has square cross section it is called as square
thread.
 Flanks of square threads are vertical and parallel to each other.
 Square threads are used for power transmission on feed
mechanism of machine tools, screw jacks etc, when less friction
means saving of power as they offer less frictional resistance.
 Some forms of square threads are:
 Square thread
 Knuckle thread

21
22
 ISO (METRIC) THREAD
P/8
Internal
60o
thread

P/4

External
thread
Pitch, P

Center of thread assembly

 Thread assemble occurs if and only if both (internal & external) thread
have an equal nominal size (or diameter) and pitch.
23
Thread designation
 The diameter pitch combination of an ISO metric
screw thread is designated by the letter ‘M’
followed by the value of the nominal diameter and
pitch, the two values being separated by the sign
‘×’. For example, a diameter pitch combination of
nominal diameter 10mm and pitch 1.25mm is
designated as M10×1.25.
 If there is no indication of pitch in the designation, it
shall mean the coarse pitch. 24
Thread designation
 For example, M10 means that the nominal diameter of the
thread is10mm and pitch is1.5mm.
 SQ40×10– SQUARE thread of nominal diameter 40mm and
pitch10mm.
 ACME40×8–ACME thread of nominal diameter 40mm and
pitch 8mm.
 WORM40×10–WORM thread of nominal diameter 40mm
and pitch10mm.
 ISO Metric – International Organization for Standardization
 M6, M7, M8, M10, M12, M14 …

M8 X 25 X 1
Metric 8mm 25mm long Pitch (threads are 1mm apart)
THREAD REPRESENTATION

1. Detailed representation

2. Schematic representation

3. Simplified representation

26
DETAILED REPRESENTATION
Use slanting lines to represent crest and root.

Roots and crest are drawn in sharp Vs.

External thread Internal thread

Thread runout

Pitch 60o
27
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
Use alternate long and short lines for representing
crests and roots of the thread, respectively.

External thread Internal thread

Root (thick line)

Pitch Crest (thin line)
28
SIMPLIFIED REPRESENTATION
Use thick continuous lines for representing crest
and thin continuous lines for representing root of
the thread, respectively.

External thread Internal thread

Thread runout

Pitch/2

Root
Crest
29
SIMPLIFIED REPRESENTATION
Use thick continuous lines for representing crest
and thin continuous lines for representing root of
the thread, respectively.

External thread Internal thread

Sectional view 30
31
DIMENSIONING EXTERNAL THREAD
Use local note to specify :- thread form, nominal size,
pitch (if it is a fine thread)

Use typical method to specify :- thread length.

32
 DIMENSIONING THREADED HOLE

Use local note to

specify
8.50 Drill, 20 Deep,
1. Tap drill size M10 Tapped, 15 Deep
2. Drill depth
3. Thread form
4. Nominal size
5. Pitch
6. Thread depth

33
34
35
Bolted joints
 A bolt and nut in combination is a fastening device used
to hold two parts together.
 The body of the bolt, called shank is cylindrical in form,
the head; square or hexagonal in shape, is formed by
forging.
 Nuts in general are square or hexagonal in shape.
 The nuts with internal threads engage with the
corresponding size of the external threads of the bolt.

36
 BOLT : Terminology
Bolt is a threaded cylinder with a head.

Thread length

Length
Width Head
across flat thickness

Hexagonal head
bolt and nut
37
Two views of a hexagonal headed bolt and
square headed bolt, with the proportions
marked.

38
 BOLT : Drawing steps

Draw an Draw a Draw

end view bolt head body of a bolt
of the head 30o

Draw

Major f
bolt B/2 B/2
axis

H Length
B
Thread Length

Starting
position
 NUT : Drawing steps

Dimensions of the nut are given in Table 9.14.

Draw an end view

of the nut B/2 B/2

H
B

Dash lines represent

a threaded hole are
omitted for clarity.
Washers

 A washer is a cylindrical piece of

metal with a hole to receive the bolt.
 It is used to give a perfect seating
for the nut and to distribute the
tightening force uniformly to the
parts under the joint.
 It also prevents the nut from
damaging the metal surface under
the joint.
41
 BOLT : Application

2. Insert a washer.

3. Screw a nut.
1. Insert a bolt into
a clearance hole
43
44
STUD

 It consists of cylindrical shank with threads cut on both ends.

 It is used where there is no place for accommodating the bolt head or
when one of the parts to be joined is too thick to use an ordinary bolt.
 The stud is first screwed into one of the two parts to be joined,
usually the thicker one.
 After placing the second part over the stud, a nut is screwed-on over
the nut end.
 It is usual to provide in the second part, a hole which is slightly larger
than the stud nominal diameter.
45
 STUD : Terminology

Stud is a headless bolt, threaded at both ends.

Thread length Thread length

Drawing
representation

Length

46
STUD : Terminology

47
STUD : Application

1. Drill a hole.
2. Tap a hole.
3. Screw a stud.
4. Place the part to be
fastened.
5. Insert washer and
fastened a nut.
48
SCREW
A screw is an externally threaded fastener capable of
being inserted into holes in assembled parts, or mating
with a preformed internal thread or forming its own
thread, and of being tightened or released by torquing
the head.

49
CAP SCREW
 Cap screw is similar to bolt, but has a longer thread than a bolt. A
screw is a bolt which is threaded throughout its length. upto a maximum
of 100 mm and lengths 250 mm.
 Used when accuracy and appearance are important..

50
51
CAP SCREW : Counterbore hole

x drill, x drill,w deep,

f y C’bore, f y C’bore,
z deep z deep

52
CAP SCREW : Countersink hole

x drill, x drill, w deep,

CSK to fy Draw 90o CSK to fy
y

53
MACHINE SCREWS

 Machine screws are similar to cap screws but are usually

smaller (.060" to .750" diameter) and the threads generally

go all the way to the head.
 Cap screws and machine screws are similar in shape, differing
only in their relative sizes. Machine screws are usually smaller in
size, compared to cap screws.
 These are used for fastening two parts, one with clearance hole
and the other with tapped hole.
 The clearance of the unthreaded hole need not be shown on the
drawing as its presence is obvious.
54
 Set screw Cap screw
55
 SET SCREW
 Set screw used to prevent relative
.
motion between two rotating parts by
means of friction between the point of
the screw and one of the parts, in light
power transmission members.
 Set screws are blind or headless

56
SET SCREW : Application

57
 Other Forms of Bolt
 Square headed bolt

 Generally used when the head is to be accommodated in

recess.
 Recess is also made up of square shape to prevent
rotation of bolt.

Square neck to avoid rotation of

Bolt while tightening a nut.
58
Cylindrical or cheese headed bolt Used when-
 Space for accommodating
bolt head is less.
 Rotation of bolt is
prevented by means of a
pin.

T- headed bolt
 Primarily used in machine tool
tables.
 Fits in T slot provided on them.
 a square neck provided below
the
head, prevents the rotation of the
bolt.
59
Counter sunk headed bolt.

 Used in application where head of

bolt must not project above the
surface of connected piece.
 It may provided with the neck of
square cross-section.

Hook Bolt
 This bolt passes through a hole of
one piece only. other piece is
gripped by the hook shaped bolt
head.
 This is used when it is not possible
to drill hole in the piece adjoining bolt
head.
60
 Eye Bolt
 Bolt has circular ring as its head.
 Used as an appliance to lift heavy
machines.

61
 Other forms of Nuts

 Flanged nut: a hexagonal nut with a flange, integral with it. This
permits the use of a bolt in a comparatively large size hole.

 Cap nut: a hexagonal nut with a cylindrical cap at the top. This design
protects the end of the bolt from corrosion and leakage through the
threads.
 Dome nut: another form of a cap nut, having a spherical dome at the
top. 62
 Capstan nut: This nut is cylindrical in shape, with holes drilled laterally in
the curved surface. A tommy bar may be used in the holes for turning the
nut.
 Ring nut: This nut is in the form of a ring, with slots in the curved
surface, running parallel to the axis. C-spanner is used to operate the
nut.
 Wing nut: This nut is used when frequent removal is required, such as
inspection covers, lids, etc. It is operated by the thumb.
63
64
Miscellaneous Bolts and Screws

65
Non Treaded
Temporary
Fasteners
 KEYS
 Keys are machine elements used
to prevent relative rotational
movement between a shaft and
the parts mounted on it, such as
pulleys, gears, wheels,
couplings, etc.
 For making the joint, grooves or
keyways are cut on the surface
of the shaft and in the hub of
the part to be mounted.
67
For mounting a part at any intermediate location on
the shaft,
first the key is firmly placed in the keyway of the
shaft and
then the part to be mounted is slid from one end
of the shaft, till it is fully engaged with the key.
Keys are classified into three types,
Saddle keys,
Sunk keys and
Round keys. 68
 Classification of keys
 Saddle keys
 Hollow saddle key
 Flat saddle key

 Sunk keys
 Taper sunk keys
 Parallel sunk keys

 Feather sunk keys

 Woodruff key (adjustable) sunk keys

 Round keys
 Parallel pin
 Taper pin

 Tangent keys
 Kennedy keys
 Splined keys
69
Hollow saddle key
 This key has curved underside so that it can be placed on the
curved surface of the shaft. The keyway is cut in the mating
piece (hub) only.

 Saddle key are taper keys and are sunk into the hub only.
Taper prevents axial movement along the shaft.

 Saddle key is suitable for light duty, since they rely on a friction drive alone
and are liable to slip on the shaft under load.
70
 Flat saddle key

Flat surface on
the shaft
 Let D = diameter of the shaft
 Holding force is comparative  Width of the key, W = D/4
 Nominal thickness at large end , T
large than the hollow saddle key
= W/3 = D/12
 Length of the key , L = D to 1.5D
71
 Sunk keys
 Sunk keys are sunk in the shaft and the hub. These keys are
suitable for heavy duty since they rely on positive drive.
 Taper sunk keys: This is the standard form of the key and may be
either of rectangular or square cross-section. The key is sunk in
the shaft to a depth of half its nominal thickness when measured
at the side.
 Rectangular cross-section
let D = diameter of the shaft
 width of the key W = D/4
 nominal thickness T = (2/3)W = (1/6)D

 Square cross-section: T = W
72
Taper sunk key

73
 Parallel sunk key
 It is uniform in width and thickness
throughout.
 It is thus taper less and is used where the
pulley or other mating piece is required
to slide along the shaft.
 It may be rectangular or square cross-
section and their ends may be squared or
rounded.

74
 Feather keys
 It is a key attached to one member of a pair.
 It is a particular kind of parallel key that permits axial moment.
 A feather key is secured either to the shaft or to the hub, the
key being a sliding fit in the keyway of the machine element on
which it moves.

Double
Headed Key Peg Key

75
Feather keys

76
 Woodruff keys
 It is an adjustable sunk key in the
form of a semi-circular disc of
uniform thickness.
 The key fits into a semi-circular
keyway in the shaft and the top of the
key fits into a plain rectangular key
way in the hub of the wheel.
 Used in feed gear box of lathe, other
machine tools and in automobiles.
77
Round key or Pin Key

Gib Head Key

78
 Spline keys
 Sometimes, keys are made integral with the shaft which fits in the
keyways broached in the hub. Such shafts are known as splined
shafts.
 These shafts usually have four, six, ten or sixteen splines. The splined
shafts are relatively stronger than shafts having a single keyway.
 We obtain axial movement as well as positive drive is obtained.
 Cotter joint

 Cotter is a flat wedge shaped piece made of a steel plate. It is uniform in

thickness but tapering in width, generally on one side pulls the rod and
socket tightly together. Slots are wider than the cotter.
 Cotter joints are used to connect two rods, subjected to tensile or
compressive forces along their axes.
 Clearance: must be provided for adjustment.(2 to 3 mm)
 Proportions: cotter thickness = (1/3)diameter of rod
cotter width = rod diameter
80
 Cotter joint with a
socket and spigot ends
To fasten two circular rods
One end of the rod is
formed into a socket and
the other into a spigot.

How do they differ from keyed joints ?? 81

Sleeve and cotter joint
Used for fastening two circular rods.
The rods are enlarged at their ends
and slots are cut.

 The enlarged ends of the rods butt against each other with a
common sleeve over them
 The rod ends are enlarged to take care of the weakening effect
caused by slots 82
(a) Cotter joint with socket and spigot ends

(b) sleeve and cotter joint

 Gib and cotter joint (for rectangular rods )
 To connect two rods of
square or rectangular
cross-section.
 To make the joint, one end
of the rod is formed into a
U-fork, into which, the
end of the other rod fits
in.
 A Gib is used along with
the cotter. For making the
joint, first the gib is placed
in position and then the
cotter is driven-in.
 The thickness of the gib
and cotter are same
84
Gib and cotter joint or rectangular rods

85
 Pinned joints
 In a pin joint, a pin is used to fasten two rods that are under the
action of a tensile force; although the rods may support a
compressive force if the joint is guided.
 Unlike in cotter joints, the pin in a pin joint is not driven-in with
a force fit, but is inserted in the holes with a clearance fit.
 The pin is held in position, by means of a taper pin or a split pin
provided at its end.
 A pin joint permits a small amount of flexibility or one rod may
be positioned at an angle (in the plane containing the rods) with
respect to the other rod, after providing suitable guides.
86
Pinned joints

87
Knuckle joint
 Two or more circular rods subjected to tensile and
compressive forces are fastened together. one end of
the rod is formed into an eye and the other into a fork
(double eye)
 Their axes are not in alignments but meet in a point

 The joint allows a

small angular moment
of one rod relative to
another.
 Applications: Elevator
chains, valve rods, etc.

88
Knuckle joint

89
Knuckle joint

90
Circlips or retainer rings

 Hold parts on the shafts, prevent mating components from

excessive moving (migrating out of position during operation)
also hold parts in housings around a shaft,.
 Retainer rings are generally purchased as a standard item. 91
PERMANENT JOINTS
 Riveted joints
A rivet is a round rod
of circular cross-section.

Pressure may be applied

to form the second rivet
head, either by direct
hammering or through
hydraulic or pneumatic
means.
 Riveted joints
 Riveted joints are permanent fastenings and riveting is one of the
commonly used method of producing rigid and permanent joints.
 Manufacture of boilers, storage tanks, etc., involve joining of
steel sheets, by means of riveted joints.
 The definitions of the terms, associated with riveted joints
are given below:
 Pitch: It is the distance between the centers of the adjacent rivets
in the same row. It is denoted by ‘p’ and usually taken as 3d,
where d is the rivet diameter.

94
 Riveted joints
 Row pitch: It is the distance between
two adjacent rows of rivets. It is denoted
by ‘pr’ and is given by, pr= 0.8p, for
chain riveting and pr= 0.6p, for zig-zag
riveting.
 Diagonal pitch: This term is usually
associated with zig-zag riveting and is
denoted by ‘pd’. It is the distance
between the centre of a rivet in a row to
the next rivet in the adjacent row.

95
 Riveted joints
Margin: It is the distance from the edge of the plate to the
center of the nearest rivet. It is usually taken as 1.5d, where d is
the rivet diameter. It is denoted by ‘m’.

 Chain riveting: rivets are used along a

number of rows such that the rivets in the
adjacent rows are placed directly opposite to
each other.
 Zig-zag riveting: rivets in the adjacent rows
are staggered and are placed in-between those
of the previous row, 96
Types of rivet heads

97
Types of rivet heads
 Application areas
 The snap heads are usually employed for structural
work and machine riveting.
 The counter sunk heads are mainly used for ship
building where flush surfaces are necessary.
 The conical heads (also known as conoidal heads) are
mainly used in case of hand hammering.
 The pan heads have maximum strength, but these are
difficult to shape.
 Types of Rivet Joints
 Rivet joints are classified as: lap joints, butt joints
and combination of lap and butt joints.
 LAP JOINT
 In a lap joint, the plates to be riveted, overlap each
other.
 The plates to be joined are first beveled at the edges,
to an angle of about 80°.
 Depending upon the number of row Riveted Joints
are used in the joint, lap joints are further classified
as single riveted lap joint, double riveted lap joint
and so on.
100
Single riveted lap joint

101
Double riveted chain lap joint

103
Double riveted zigzag lap joint

104
 Butt rivet joints
 In a butt joint, the plates to be joined, butt against each
other, with a cover plate or strap, either on one or both
sides of the plates; the latter one being preferred.
 In this joint, the butting edges of the plates to be joined are
square and the outer edges of the cover plate(s) is(are)
beveled.
 These joints are generally used for joining thick plates, and
are much stronger than lap joints.

105
Single riveted single
strap butt joint
(chain type)

106
 Single riveted
double strap butt
joint (chain type)

107
 Double riveted
double strap butt
joint(chain type)

108
Summary
 A machine element used for holding or joining two or more parts of a
machine or structure is known as fastener.
 There are Two types of fasteners: Permanent fasteners and Removable
(temporary) fasteners.
 Permanent fasteners are used to join machine parts permanently and
includes Riveted joints, Welded joints and gluing.
 Removable (temporary) fasteners are used to join machine parts
temporarily (the fastener can be removed) and includes Threaded
fasteners like screws, bolts and nuts, studs and non threaded fasteners
like Keys, cotters and pin joints

113
References
1. K.L. Narayana, [Link], [Link] Reddy, Machine Drawing
2. Cecil H. Jensen, Jay D. Helsel, and Dennis Short, Engineering Drawing And Design, Aug 17, 2007

3. David, Allan Low, Manual of Machine Drawing and Design -Mechanical Drawing, Jun
1, 2006
4. Singh S., & Sah, P.L., Fundamentals of Machine Drawing, Printice Hall of India private Limited, New
Delhi, 2003