UNIT 3
CARDING
1
Carding
• Two maxims of the experts
– The card is the Heart of the spinning mill
– Well carded is half spun
According to Dr Artzt
• The operation of the card shows
– The highest correlation to the quality
– And also to productivity
2
• Definition - Carding
– Carding is the action of reducing tufts of entangled fibers
into a filmy web of individual fibers by working the tufts
between closely spaced surfaces clothed with opposing
sharp points
• Machines used to carry out this work are called cards
• Three types that are of importance in the processing
of cotton, wool and man-made fibers
[Link] flat card
[Link] card
[Link] card
3
Carding
• objectives of carding machines are
– To open the small tuft of cotton to a state of
individual fibres or fibre to fibre separation
– To clean the cotton by removing impurities such as
seed bits, broken leaves and fine sand etc.
– To convert lap or loose bat of fibre into a sliver
– Fibre to fibre blending
– Disentangling of neps
4
Carding action
• The teeth face in opposite
directions.
V2
• This is the typical arrangement
between the main cylinder and the
flats, and also between the main
cylinder and the doffer.
• In order to enable carding to take
place, v1 must be greater v2 or v2 V1
must be in the opposite direction
to v1
• In this action, the fibers are drawn
apart, separated, and aligned.
5
Striping action
• The teeth of both clothing V2
surfaces face in the same
direction.
• This arrangement is typical of
the licker-in/main cylinder
region.
• Here there is a deliberate V1
transfer of material from one
clothing surface to another,
but v1 must be greater than v2
(feeding clothing).
6
Operating principle
[Link] pipe, [Link] chute, [Link] roller, [Link] arrangements(feed roller and feed
plate [Link]-in, [Link], 7suction duct, [Link] cylider [Link], 9, 12. fixed carding bar,
[Link] fibers, 13. grid or cover plate, [Link], [Link] device, [Link] roller,
[Link], 18. coiler 7
• Raw material is supplied as blow room lap or loose batt of
fibres by lap roller or via pipe ducting(1) into the feed chute as
evenly compressed batt of about 500- 900 ktex (2)of the card.
• A transport roller or feed roller (3) forwards this batt to the
feed arrangement (4). This consists of a feed roller and a feed
plate designed to push the sheet of fiber slowly into the
operating range of the licker-in (5) while maintaining optimal
clamping.
• The portion of the sheet projecting from the feed roller must
be combed through and opened into tufts by the licker-in.
• These tufts are passed over mote knives or grid equipment (6)
and transferred to the main cylinder (8). In moving past mote
knives, grids, carding segments (6), etc., the material loses the
majority of its impurities. Suction ducts (7) carry away the
waste.
8
• The tufts themselves are carried along with the main cylinder
and opened up into individual fibers between the cylinder and
the flats in the actual carding process.
• The flats (10) comprise 80 - 116 individual carding bars
combined into a belt moving on an endless path. Nowadays
some 30 - 46 (modern cards about 27) of the flats are located
in the carding position relative to the main cylinder; the rest
are on the return run.
• During this return, a cleaning unit (11) strips fibers, neps and
foreign matter from the bars.
• Fixed carding bars (9) and (12) are designed to assist the
operation of the card.
• Grids or cover plates (13) enclose the underside of the main
cylinder.
9
• After the carding operation has been completed, the main
cylinder carries along the fibers that are loose and lie parallel
without hooks.
• However, in this condition the fibers do not form a transportable
intermediate product.
• An additional cylinder, the doffer (14), is required for this
purpose. The doffer combines the fibers into a web because of its
substantially lower peripheral speed relative to the main cylinder.
• A stripping device (15) draws the web from the doffer. After that
the web is condensed into sliver by passing it through trumpet.
• Then calendar rolls (16) have compressed the sliver to some
extent, the coiler (18) deposits it in cans (17).
• The working rollers, cylinder and flats are provided with clothing,
which becomes worn during fiber processing, and these parts
must be reground at regular intervals.
10
11
Types of feed
• Lap feed
• Chute feed or tuft feed
– One piece chute without an opening system
– Two piece chute with an opening system
12
Feed device to the licker-in
• A well designed feed device is expected to
perform the following tasks
• Clamp the batt securely over its full width
• Be able to hold the material back against the
action of the licker-in
• Present the batt to the licker-in in such a
manner that opening can be carried out gently
13
Conventional feed
• Comprises of a stationary feed
table with a feed plate (1) and
feed roller (2) presses against
the plate.
• The plate is formed at its
upper edge with nose like
deflection
• The sharp deflection enables
the fiber good retention,
hence intensive, but not gentle
14
• The length of the guide surfaces also influences
waste elimination
• If it is too short, the fibers can escape and are
lost in the waste receiver
• If it is too long, it presses the fiber into clothing,
this gives better take up of the fiber But
sometime take up of the impurities
• The feed roller has a diameter of 80 to 100 mm
has saw tooth wire,
• It has to ensure that licker-in does not tear
whole lumps out of batt
15
unidirectional feed
• When the conventional system is
examined, it is observed that the
material is pushed forward,
illogically, against the direction of
rotation of the licker-in
• The batt must undergo a sharp
bend so that the licker-in can
sweep through it
• The diversion causes harsh
treatment on fiber
• So unidirectional feed is
developed, to enable the material
to fed in the direction of the
rotation of licker-in
16
• The arrangement of the two feed devices is
opposite to that of the conventional system
• i.e feed roller is located below and plate is
pressed against the roller by spring pressure
• Owing to the rotation of the feed roller in same
direction as the licker-in
• Batt runs downward without any bend and
directly to the teeth of the licker-in
• The distance between the various parts are
adjustable 17
Licker-in
• Cast roller, diameter of 250 mm (9.25 to 10 inch),
saw tooth clothing
• Beneath the licker-in there is an enclosure of mote
knives and grid or carding segment
• The purpose of licker-in is to pluck finely opened
tuft out of the feed
• Eliminate dust and dirt with the help of eliminating
parts fixed under
• Deliver them to main cylinder
• Speed 800 – 1200 rpm for cotton, 600 rpm for MMF
18
Operation of licker-in
• Where one licker-in is employed
• 50 % mass is transferred as tuft and remaining
as individual fibers
• Treatment imparted by licker-in is intensive
but harsh
• Rotational speed – 1200 rpm
• Surface speed – 21m/sec
• Draft - 1600
19
• Deterioration depends upon
20
Waste elimination by licker-in
• By special devices
• In classical method
– 1-2 mote knife and grids are used
• Elimination of foreign matters by scrapping off
on the mote knives
• High performance cards require alternative
assemblies in order to be able to high material
throughput
21
1. licker-in
2. First guided over a
mote knife
3. Then over a carding
plate
Then again over mote
knife and again over a
carding plate
Carding plates are fitted
with special clothing
• Effective opening in the chute and single licker-in provides better opening
• Coarse trash and dust are removed by licker-in
22
Transfer of fiber to the main cylinder
• b/w licker-in and main cylinder
• Less opening between licker-in and main
cylinder
• Effected mainly on speed ratio of the speeds
• Ratio should be 1:2
23
Carding aids (auxiliary carding device)
• Need for such assemblies
– 3 fiber per point
– 10-15 fibers per point on carding
• For a given quality of yarn
– Required opening and cleaning is essential
– Increasing the production means more number of fibers passed
through
• In order to obtain same carding effect, same number of points
per fiber should be ensured
– More points per unit area
– High roller and surface speed
– More carding surface
– Finer opening of fibers before feeding to the cylinder 24
• For example , the production rate is increased
from 25 kg/hr to 60 kg / hr
• Main cylinder speed should be raised from
300 to 750 rpm
• Only third and fourth is preferable
– Insertion of additional carding surface or carding
positions
– Installing more number of licker in
25
Carding plates or carding bars
• To intensify the carding effect additional
elements are inserted
• Today carding aids can be applied at three
positions
– Under the licker-in
– Between liker-in and the flats
– Between flats and the doffer
26
FUNCTIONS OF BACK PLATE:
• It is a metal cover, follows the curvature of the cylinder and
encloses the space between the taker in and the flats and prevents
loss of fibres.
– Its hold the fibres on the cylinder wires:
– To hold the fibres on the cylinder wires.
– To prevent the development of undesirable air current.
– Eliminates accident to the operative by covering the gap.
– Maintains air current up to the flat.
– Assists the transfer of cotton to the flats, region.
• The back plate is fixed to the cast iron bracket attached to the
card arch, and is capable of adjustment. The usual setting of the
back sheet is 0.010 “ from the cylinder wire at the top and 0.012-
0.015 “ from it at the bottom.
27
FUNCTIONS OF FRONT PLATE:
• It is a metal plate, follows the curvature of the cylinder and encloses the space between the
flats and doffer and prevent the fibres from flying away.
• It is made in three portions :
– The top feather edge sheet or knife plate.
– The central cylinder stripping door.
– The bottom sheet.
• The top feather edge sheet often called percentage plate is most important, because, the
setting of this sheet controls the thickness and the weight of the flat strips. Close setting
results in lighter flat strips and vice-versa. The central cylinder stripping door provides access
to the cylinder for stripping and grinding the bottom sheet covers the remaining space.
TOP FEATHER EDGE SHEET TO CYLINDER WIRE:
Upper edge 0.010 “ - 0.060 “
Lower edge 0.032 “
BOTTOM SHEET:
Upper edge – 0.032 “
Lower edge - 0.015 “
28
CRITICAL FUNCTION OF FRONT PLATE IN CONTROLLING FLAT STRIPS:
• The top feather edge sheet is adjustable and mainly controls the flat
strips. The fast moving cylinder surface picks up air over the top of this
sheet and if the sheet is made to lie close to the cylinder, the flow of
air over the top edge and between the flats is so fast that the flats are
effectively stripped and the cotton they contain is transferred to the
cylinder which reduces the flat strips. But this results in unwanted
trash in flat strips will find its way in the web affecting quality.
• If the sheet is moved outwards towards the flats, the flow of air
round the top edge is reduced in velocity and the transfer ceases, but
cotton is now moved from the cylinder wires to the flats, bridging
them with good cotton, which becomes EXCESSIVE flat strips, with
very wide front plate settings. This is again bad practice because the
good material is lost as flat strip waste.
29
• Carding segments bring the following
advantages
– Improved dirt and dust elimination
– Improved untangling of neps
– Possibility of increasing the speed and hence
production
– Preservation of clothing
30
Main cylinder
• Cast iron, diameter of 1280 to 1300 mm
(normally 50 inch)
• Around 600 rpm (Rieter c 600 – 900 rpm)
• Narrow distance b/w cylinder and doffer, only
about 0.1 mm
• Roundness tolerance extremely narrow
• Generally supported by roller bearing
31
• Movement of the flat
• Flats move at a very low speed compared with that
of the cylinder in principle
• The flats can be moved forward or backward
• Forward movement
– The cylinder assist in driving the flats and the removal
of stripping is easier (advantage)
– On the other hand, reverse movement (against the
cylinder) brings technological advantage
– In this system, the flats come into operative
relationship with the cylinder clothing on doffer side
– At this stage, the flats are in clean condition.
32
• They then move toward the licker-in and fill up
during this movement
• Part of the receiving capacity is thus lost, but
sufficient remains for elimination of dirt
• Above the licker-in, the cylinder carries the material
to be cleaned into the flats
• The latter take up the dirt but do not transport it
through the whole machine
• Instead the dirt is immediately removed from the
machine
33
• As the fiber mass on the cylinder clothing is transported
by the cylinder into the zone of the revolving flats,
• the point-of-tooth to point-of-tooth carding action takes
place between the revolving flats and the cylinder clothing
so that the micro tuft lets become caught in the flats.
• Most fibers (97%), with ends projecting from the flats and
held by the cylinder clothing, are removed as individual
fibers.
• as each flat leaves the carding zone, the retained fiber
mass is stripped from the flat as waste — collectively
termed flat strips
34
• in the carding zone, the motion of the cylinder
clothing generates air turbulence that, along
with mechanical forces,
• causes the trailing ends of fibers attached to
the teeth of the cylinder clothing to vibrate
rapidly and shake loose trash particles and dust
• The fiber mass on the revolving flats acts as a
filter, and much of the impurities are deposited
into it to be later removed as part of the strip
35
• In the carding of cotton fibers, revolving flats
are an essential feature of the card
• Since man-made fibers do not contain
significant levels of impurities, stationary flats
may be used in preference to revolving flats
36
The casing of the cylinder
• Beneath the cylinder, and fully enclosing it
• Grid made of steel metal
• Since the cleaning effect is extremely small, some
manufacturer have removed grids under the cylinder
• Replaced sheet metal casing
• Closed sheet gives better fiber orientation on the
cylinder
• And reduces the number of neps
• Covering the cylinder b/w licker-in and flat
• And between these and the doffer
• One of these protective sheets, near the flats at the
front of the machine, is specially formed as a knife 37
• The level and the quality of the flat waste can
be influenced by adjusting the distance
between this blade and the cylinder
• Narrow space produces little waste and its
wide space produces more stripping
38
Heal and Toe Arrangement
• The top half of the cylinder is surrounded by a series of
flats.
• The flats are also covered with wire teeth, the points of
which oppose & are set close to the wire on the cylinder.
• The setting between flats & cylinder is arranged that there
is a wider setting at the back or trailing edge on which
cotton first reaches for being carded & closer setting at the
leading edge where the cotton leaves the flat.
• This arrangement is generally termed as ‘Heal & Toe’
arrangement
39
• This arrangement helps in gradual carding at each flats. As
the cotton is carried forward from the flats, several
conditions tend to cause the fibres to raise a little from
conditions the surface of the cylinder when it passes in
between flats and cylinder.
• These raised fibres would be rather severely dealt with, if
they were dragged instability into the narrow space between
the cylinder and flats.
• So this sudden action is prevented by making the entrance
three or four times greater than the space where it leaves
the flats and thus results in gradual carding.
• Small masses of entanglements are beneficially treated in
this way and reduced to individual fibres by the continued
action from flat to flat.
40
CYLINDER-DOFFER STRIPPING ZONE
• The individual fibers attached to the cylinder
clothing collectively appear as a very light web on
the cylinder surface
• It comes into contact with the doffer clothing,
which removes the fibers from the cylinder by the
point-of-tooth to point-of-tooth stripping action
• This cylinder-doffer area is called the transfer zone
• Not all the fibers, however, are stripped on first
contact with the doffer
41
• some remain on the cylinder for several cylinder
rotations before being removed.
• The cylinder under screen controls the boundary
air layer at the cylinder surface to prevent the
undoffed fibers being ejected from the cylinder
clothing during their motion from the
doffer/cylinder area to the taker-in/cylinder area
• an optimal number of times fibers should go
through the transfer zone before being stripped by
the doffer;
• too short or too long a dwell time on the cylinder
impairs the quality of the output material, i.e., the
sliver.
42
• The desired advantage of fiber parallelization
achieved on the main cylinder disappears
here
• Since a degree of random orientation is
necessary to form a web and to doff it
• Another is the undesirable bending of the
fiber ends
• because the cylinder has to give up the fiber
to doffer,
• During this step, the fibers are caught as
hooks on the point accordingly
– 50 % trailing hooks
– about 15% leading hooks
– About 15% have double hooks
– Small portions no hook
• Poor efficiency of fiber transfer from cylinder
to doffer
– It is the fact that the fibers rotate with the main 43
cylinder about 5 to 10 times
• The result of poor transfer leads to some
advantages
– It is an additional carding point
– The fiber-to-fiber blending effect increases
– A high degree of intermingling results there, which
is important, e.g, for man-made fiber/cotton
blnding);
– It produces good diagonal and short term
regularity
44
• However, the fiber is transferred to doffer mainly by
– Coordinating the clothing of both assemblies accordingly
– The choice of a proper relationship of the peripheral
speeds
– Providing for small distance between cylinder and doffer
• A reduction of spacing between the two assemblies.,
e.g. From 0.18 mm to 0.08mm result a 100 %
improvement in the transfer factor
45
Detaching
• A fly comb was used in the old card, about 2500 strokes
per minute takes the web from the doffer
• In modern high performance cards, a roller is used (due
to beyond certain limit, speed of the oscillating comb
can’t be increased)
• After that the sliver is formed with the help of funnel
(trumpet). This is also replaced in modern cards with the
following
– With web guide plate
– Transversely arranged guide rollers
– Transverse sliver condenser
46
47
48
49
Crushing rollers (web crushing)
• Between take-off roller and transverse sliver
condenser
• Two steel roller arranged one over the other
• Additional cleaning effect is achieved by
crushing (crushed fragments fall away)
50
Coiling in cans
• The sliver must be coiled in cans for storage
and transport
• Coiling should be performed cycloidally
– Can diameter between 600 to 1200 mm
– Can height between 1000 to 1220 mm
• If the can is supplied directly to rotor
– Can diameter only about 350 to 400 mm
– Rectangular cans are better suited
51
Auto-leveller
• Autoleveller is used to reduce count variation in the sliver. It is mainly caused by
the imperfect feeding at carding.
• The irregularity of the card feed material is the most important reason for sliver
count variations ranging from short term to long term variation.
Advantages of autoleveller
• All variations are corrected.
• Count CV % will be consistent and good.
• Autoleveller can also be classified into three groups depending upon the system
of operation.
– Closed loop system (Long term autoleveller)
– Open loop System (Short term autoleveller)
– Combined loop System
52
Closed loop System
• Most autolevelling systems on cards employ the
closed-loop principle.
• The sliver coming at the delivery end is constantly
monitored for any variation from the standard value.
• Any deviation detected is fed to the correction system
at the feed end. Which corrects the draft depending
upon the variation detected, this corrected sliver is
again monitored at the delivery and any variation
detected is fed to the feed correction system thus
ensuring a continuous closed loop system.
53
Open loop System
• In this system the sliver deviations are detected at the feed
end itself and the corrections are made near the delivery end.
• The loop is open in that no monitoring is possible after the
deviation has been corrected.
54
AUTOLEVELLERS USED IN CARDING MACHINE
Closed loop Autoleveller ( Long term autoleveller)
Long term autoleveller
55
• This auto levelling system ensures that the card sliver
produced always maintains the same sliver fineness-at any
time.
• The idea is for the sensor to monitor the sliver irregularity
• The control unit to interpret the electronic data in terms of
variations in the sliver count from the preset count required.
• Unacceptable differences and whether they are greater or
less than the preset value, Control unit automatically modifies
the card by slowing or increasing the feed roller speed.
• The time elapsed between changing the feed roller speed and
its effect detected in the output sliver is the response time of
the carding process or the lag time resulting from the process.
• Carding has a slow response time,
• Only long-term sliver irregularity can be controlled, and the
system is called a long-term auto leveler
56
Medium term autoleveller
57
Measuring of irregularities
Mechanical principle
58
Open loop Autoleveller( Short term autoleveller)
1-Feed roll
2-Feed table with
measuring plates for
tuft web thickness
3-Displacement sensor
4-Controller
5-Feed roll drive
6-Measuring lever
59
• This auto levelling system provides great improvement in the
evenness of the card sliver.
• It functions over a sliver length as low as 1 meter .
• The tuft web thickness is constantly being measured between
the entry zone of the feed roll and the sensors which are
built in to the feed table.
• This value is registered by a memory in the control unit
system.
• When the measured spot is precisely at the transfer point
between the feed table and the taker- in, there is an
instantaneous correction of the feed roll speed.
• This correction is super imposed on the basic speed of the
feed roll and the correction is carried out by the card sliver
leveller.
60
Card settings
• The card comprises a large number of individual parts
that guide the material, open it and clean it.
• Optimal, gentle treatment is only possible if these parts
have the correct form and the right relative positions
and spacings.
• The so- called settings of the card are of the greatest
importance.
• For example, too narrow spacing of the operating
elements leads to fiber damage (loss of breaking
strength)
• Too wide a setting produces more neps.
61
Card Settings
62
Position Remarks Distance
mm 1/1 000˝
1 Feed roller to lickerin 0.2 - 0.5 8 - 20
2 Tuft feed 0.4 - 0.55 16 - 22
Lap feed 0.25 - 0.4 10 - 16
3 0.3 - 0.45 12 - 18
4 0.45 - 0.55 18 - 22
5 0.6 - 0.8 24 - 32
6 0.45 - 0.55 18 - 22
7 0.45 18
8 0.55 22
9 0.55 22
10 Licker-in to main cylinder 0.2 - 0.25 8 - 10
11 0.4 16
12 0.35 14
13 0.3 12
14 0.35 14
15 Flat 1 0.35 14
16 Flat 2 0.3 12
17 Flat 3 0.25 10
18 Flat 4 0.25 10
19 Flat 5 0.25 - 0.3 10 - 12
20 Narrow setting 0.85 33
= few flat strippings (0.5) (20)
21 Wider setting 0.75 30
= more strippings (0.375) (15)
22 0.425 (0.3) 17 (12)
23 Main cylinder to doffer 0.1 - 0.125 4-5
63
FREQUENCY OF SETTING:
• Mills practice two types of setting namely ‘Half setting’ and
‘Full setting’ setting of some principal parts such as feed plate
to licker in- licker in to mote knives, licker in to cylinder .
Cylinder to doffer is known as Half setting. Half setting is
recommended once in 3 weeks while the full setting once in 9
weeks or slight change to suit the mill condition.
Gauges used in card setting:
• Multiple leaf gauges – (0.005”, 0.007”, .010” size gauges)
• Flat gauge or Trowel gauge – for flat setting.
• Mote knife angle gauge
• Pin gauge.
• Sweep gauge.
64
65
Card clothing and its maintenance
The clothing has the greatest influence on quality and productivity. The
development of new clothing enabled, for example, the production rate of
the card to be increased from 5 kg/h to the current level of up to 220 kg/h.
Selection criteria are:
• type and design of card;
• rotation speed of the cylinder;
• production rate;
• material throughput;
• raw material type (natural or man-made fibers);
• fiber characteristics (mainly fineness, length, bulk, dirt content);
• overall quality requirements;
• price of the clothing;
• service offered by the clothing supplier.
66
Classification
1. Flexible clothing
2. Metallic clothing
Flexible clothing:
This features hooks of round or oval wire set into elastic, multi-ply cloth backing.
Each hook is bent into a U-shape and is formed with a knee that flexes under
bending load and returns to its original position when the load is removed. In short-
staple spinning mills this clothing is now found, if at all, only on the card flats
67
Metallic clothing:
The starting material is round wire, which is rolled
in several stages to give the desired profile. This
profiled stock is passed through a cutting machine.
Here, a high precision cutting tool, corresponding
exactly to the shape of the gap between two teeth,
punches (cuts) the wire away piece by piece
between the teeth, which remain after the cutting
operation. It is of the utmost importance that the
dimensions are held within the finest tolerance
limits. Hardening immediately follows cutting, i.e.
the wire is passed through a flame and a quenching
bath. Here also a high degree of uniformity is
required, this time in the hardness achieved. The
required ‘feel’ for this operation can only be
appreciated when it is realized that in fine clothing
the tip of the tooth has a thickness of only 0.05 -
0.06 mm.
68
Wire Specifications
• Point density (number of points per unit surface area)
• Base width
• Height of the clothing
• Tooth pitch
• Carding angle
This is the most important angle of the tooth:
– the aggressiveness of the clothing; and
– the hold on the fibers
are determined by this parameter. The angle specifies the inclination of the
leading face of the tooth to the vertical. It is described as positive, negative or
neutral. The angle is neutral if the leading edge of the tooth lies in the vertical
(0°). Clothing with negative angles is used only in the licker-in, when processing
some man-made fibers. Since the fibers are held less firmly by this form of
tooth, they
licker-in are transferred
+5° to -10° more easily to the cylinder and the clothing is less
inclinedCylinder
to choke.+12°Carding
to +27°
angles normally fall into the following ranges:
Doffer +20° to +40°
69
Clothing specifications:
Fibers Points / inch2
Fine cotton Cylinder wire 800 to 1 000
Man-made Cylinder wire 450 to 650
Coarse cotton Cylinder wire 600 to 800
Fine cotton Flat clothing 500
Man-made Flat clothing 270
Coarse cotton Flat clothing 350 to 400
Universal wire Doffer 340
Special wire for fine fibers Doffer 400
Licker-in clothing wire wounds or pins
Cotton, general 10° positive 36
Synthetics and rayon 0° - 5° positive 27
70
Maintenance of clothing
Stripping the clothing
If at all, metallic clothing should not be cleaned out with a revolving brush, but rather with a hand
scraper while the cylinder is rotated manually (not by the motor drive). Rapidly rotating brushes
create considerable metal-to- metal friction (brush on saw-tooth wire) and cause more wear on
the clothing points than do the fibers. The life of the clothing is markedly reduced.
Grinding the clothing
Grinding is the operation by which the good working condition of the carding surfaces is
maintained. Due to on stand working the delicate needle points, while doing the carding job
suffer heavily, lose their sharpness and becomes dull.
– By the process of grinding the carding surfaces is made to the same height with
correctly shaped and finished wire points,
– The wire points are made re sharpened.
Each sharp pointed wire acts like a hook sizing the cotton fibers sharp wires cotton and hold the
fibers neatly. Thick round pointed wires cannot catch or hold the fibers efficiently and there is a
tendency for the cotton to go through in small lumps. For good carding operation the card
requires grinding, whenever the wire points becomes dull .
71