ACS-441A Artificial Intelligence

Semester: August 2020.

||Fredrick Michael Ogore||fogore@[Link]||Cell-No:0717105568||

08/12/24 1
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 Part 1: Introduction

Intelligence
Defining A.I
History
Turing Test
A.I Applications
Multi-disciplinary domain

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 Intelligence
• Dictionary definition.
(1) : the ability to learn or understand or to deal with new or trying
situations : REASON; also : the skilled use of reason
(2) : the ability to apply knowledge to manipulate one's environment
or to think abstractly as measured by objective criteria (as tests)
-Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary

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 Meet HAL
• 2001: A Space Odyssey
– classic science fiction movie from 1969
• HAL
– part of the story centers around an intelligent computer called HAL
– HAL is the “brains” of an intelligent spaceship
– in the movie, HAL can
• speak easily with the crew
• see and understand the emotions of the crew
• navigate the ship automatically
• diagnose on-board problems
• make life-and-death decisions
• display emotions
• In 1969 this was science fiction: is it still science fiction?

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 Different Types of Artificial Intelligence

• Modeling exactly how humans actually think

– cognitive models of human reasoning
• Modeling exactly how humans actually act
– models of human behavior (what they do, not how they
think)
• Modeling how ideal agents “should think”
– models of “rational” thought (formal logic)
– note: humans are often not rational!
• Modeling how ideal agents “should act”
– rational actions but not necessarily formal rational
reasoning
– i.e., more of a black-box/engineering approach
• Modern AI focuses on the last definition
– we will also focus on this “engineering” approach
– success is judged by how well the agent perform
-- modern methods are inspired by cognitive & neuroscience
(how people think).
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 Acting rationally: rational agent
• Rational behavior: Doing that was is expected to maximize one’s
“utility function” in this world.
• An agent is an entity that perceives and acts. A rational agent acts
rationally.
• This course is about designing rational agents
• Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to actions:
[f: P*  A]
For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the agent (or
class of agents) with the best performance
• Caveat: computational limitations make perfect rationality
unachievable  design best program for given machine resources

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Playing games:Draughts

Is a computer more intelligent

if it beats you in a game of draughts?
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Playing games:Scrabble

Is a computer more intelligent

if it beats you in a game of scrabble?

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 Intelligence
• Types of intelligence (Multiple intelligence theory, Howard Gardner)
•Linguistic-verbal intelligence
•Logical-Mathematical intelligence
Theoretical
•Musical intelligence foundations
•Spatial intelligence for recognizing
different
•Intrapersonal intelligence talents and abilities
in
•Interpersonal intelligence
people
•Naturalist intelligence
•Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence
• "What makes life interesting, however, is that we don’t have the same strength in each
intelligence area, and we don’t have the same amalgam of intelligences. Just as we look
different from one another and have different kinds of personalities, we also have
different kinds of minds."

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 Defining A.I
There is no agreed definition of the term artificial intelligence. However, there
are various definitions that have been proposed. These are considered below.
• AI is a study in which computer systems are made that think like human
beings. Haugeland, 1985 & Bellman, 1978.
• AI is a study in which computer systems are made that act like people. AI is
the art of creating computers that perform functions that require intelligence
when performed by people. Kurzweil, 1990.
• AI is the study of how to make computers do things which at the moment
people are better at. Rich & Knight
• AI is a study in which computers that rationally think are made. Charniac &
McDermott, 1985.
• AI is the study of computations that make it possible to perceive, reason and
act. Winston, 1992

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 Defining A.I
• AI is the study in which systems that rationally act are made. AI is
considered to be a study that seeks to explain and emulate
intelligent behaviour in terms of computational processes.
Schalkeoff, 1990.
• AI is considered to be a branch of computer science that is
concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior. Luger &
Stubblefield, 1993.
• ...

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 History
• 1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
• 1950 Turing’s “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”
• 1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel’s checkers (draughts) program
• Newell & Simon’s Logic Theorist, Gelernter’s Geometry Engine
• 1956 Dartmouth meeting: “Artificial Intelligence” adopted
• 1966–74 AI discovers computational complexity, Neural network
research almost disappears
• 1969–79 Early development of knowledge-based systems
• 1980–88 Expert systems industry booms
• 1988–93 Expert systems industry busts: “AI Winter”
• 1985–95 Neural networks return to popularity
• 1988– Resurgence of probabilistic and decision-theoretic methods Rapid increase in
technical depth of mainstream AI, “Nouvelle AI”: ALife, GAs, soft computing

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 Acting Humanly: Turing Test
 Alan Turing's 1950 article Computing Machinery and Intelligence discussed
conditions for considering a machine to be intelligent
 “Can machines think?”  “Can machines behave intelligently?”
 The Turing test (The Imitation Game): Operational definition of intelligence.

• Computer needs to posses:Natural language processing, Knowledge representation, Automated

reasoning, and Machine learning
• Problem: 1) Turing test is not reproducible, constructive, and amenable to mathematic analysis. 2)
What about physical interaction with interrogator and environment?
• Total Turing Test: Requires physical interaction and needs perception and actuation.

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 A.I applications
• ALVINN
• MYCIN, PROSPECTOR,..
• Deep Blue
• Data Mining
• Computer vision
• Language and speech processing
• Image recognition etc
• ...

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 ALVINN
Drives 70 mph on a public highway

30 outputs
for steering
30x32 weights
4 hidden
into one out of
units
four hidden
30x32 pixels unit
as inputs
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 Knowledge-based systems
• Medical Diagnosis - MYCIN
– 1971, A program that could diagnose blood infections. It had 450
rules
• Mineral Prospecting - PROSPECTOR
– 1979, A program that with geological data. It recommended
exploratory drilling sites that proved to have substantial
molybdenum deposits.

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 Data Mining

 Which characteristics in the 3-dimensional

structure of new molecules indicate that
they may cause cancer ?
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 Data Mining
 An application of Machine Learning techniques
 It solves problems that humans can not solve,
because the data involved is too large, noisy ...

Detecting cancer
risk molecules is
one example.

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 Data Mining
 A similar application:
 In marketing products ...

Predicting customer
behavior in
supermarkets is
another.

 Fraud Detection
 1997, Credit card fraud detection

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 Branches of A.I
• Machine vision
• Speech synthesis and recognition
• Machine Learning
• Robotics
• Natural Language and understanding
• Problem solving
• Game playing
• ..

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 Applications
 Computer vision
 Image
Recognition

 Language and speech processing

 Robotics

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AI, a Multi-disciplinary domain
• Engineering:
– robotics, vision, control-expert systems, biometrics,
• Computer Science:
– AI-languages , knowledge representation, algorithms, …
• Pure Sciences:
– statistics approaches, neural nets, fuzzy logic, …
• Linguistics:
– computational linguistics, phonetics en speech, …
• Psychology:
– cognitive models, knowledge-extraction from experts, …
• Medicine:
– human neural models, neuro-science,...

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Q& A
Thank you.