Volcano BY:
2K SCIENTIST
SJKT SG KAWANG
What’s a volcano?
A volcano is an opening in the earth’s crust
through which lava, volcanic ash, and gases
escape. Volcanic eruptions are partly driven by
pressure from dissolved gas, much as escaping
gases force the cork out of a bottle of
champagne.
How is a volcano formed
Volcanoes are formed by the movement and
interaction of tectonic plates beneath the Earth's
surface. When two tectonic plates collide or move
apart, magma (molten rock) from the Earth's
mantle can rise to the surface through a vent or
fissure, resulting in a volcanic eruption.
Largest volcanos
Volcanoes are formed by the movement and interaction of tectonic plates
beneath the Earth's su
Mauna Loa Mount Kilimanjaro Popocatepetl Volcano
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipiscing elit, sed consectetur adipiscing elit, sed consectetur adipiscing elit, sed
do eiusmod tempor incididunt do eiusmod tempor incididunt do eiusmod tempor incididunt
CROSS SECTION of volcano
VENT
CRATER
SUMMIT THROAT
LAVA
PARASITIC CONE
FLANK
DIKE
SILL
ASH
BASE
CONDUIT
MAGMA
RESERVOIR
Yellowstone
Explosivity index Caldera
600,000 years ago
1000km3
The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) is a relative
measure of the explosiveness of volcanic
eruptions. It was devised by Christopher G.
Newhall in 1982.
Mono-Inyo Craters Mt St. Helens, 1980 Pinatubo, 1991 Tambora, 1815
Past 5,000 years >1km3 >10km3 >100km3
Types of volcano
There are three basic types of volcanoes: shield volcanoes, cinder cone
volcanoes, and composite volcanoes. Shield volcanoes are the largest and
have gentle slopes formed by lava flows that spread outwards, while cinder
cone volcanoes are smaller and steeper with a cone-shaped appearance,
formed by the accumulation of loose pyroclastic materials.
CRATER SIDE VENT
CENTRAL VENT
CENTRAL VENT
CENTRAL VENT
MAGMA CHAMBER MAGMA CHAMBER MAGMA CHAMBER
Cinder cone volcano Composite volcano Shield volcano
MOST ACTIVE volcanoes
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod temporin incididunt ut labore
et dolore magna am. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco
Eyjafjallajökull Mount Vesuvius Sakurajima
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do
eiusmod tempor incididunt ut eiusmod tempor incididunt ut eiusmod tempor incididunt ut
Mount Merapi
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do
eiusmod tempor incididunt ut
Mount Tambora eruption
April 1815
10,000
Due to Initial Eruption
Expelled into the
location
atmosphere
80,000
Due to Starvation and Disease
100km3 of Ash,
Pumice & Aerosols
60 Megatons
of Sulfur
causalities
Facts & figures
• Stratovolcano
• Forms the entire 60km wide Sanggar peninsula
on Sumbawa island, Indonesia
• Largest observed eruption in recorded history
• Measure of 7 on the volcanic explosivity
index(VEI)
Ring of fire
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur
adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod temporin
incididunt ut labore et dolore magna am.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud
exercitation ullamco
Effects on human health
Volcanic eruptions can release a variety of gases and particles, including ash, sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide, which can have serious impacts on human health.
Volcanic ash is composed of small, sharp particles that can irritate
the eyes, nose, and throat, and can also cause respiratory problems
such as coughing, bronchitis, and asthma. In addition, volcanic gases
can cause short-term health effects such as headaches, dizziness,
and nausea, and long-term exposure can lead to chronic respiratory
conditions, heart disease, and other health problems
Countries with most volcanos
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod temporin incididunt ut labore
et dolore magna am. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco
58
44 42
33
19 15 11 11 9 9
comparison
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, from a The bad
consectetur adipiscing elit.
Ash
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectet
The good H20 (Water Vapor)
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectet
Source of materials
Co2 (carbon dioxide)
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectet
consectet
Power generation So2 (sulfur dioxide)
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectet consectet
Rich volcanic soils H2s (hydrogen sulfide)
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectet consectet
Volcano gallery
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur
adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod temporin
incididunt ut labore et dolore magna am.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud
exercitation ullamco