Advanced Solid Waste Management- MHF724600

Chapter - 3
Collection and Transfer

This chapter covers

• Methods of collection and types of vehicles
• Collection routes
• Transfer stations, selection of location
• Options under Oman conditions.
 Classification of MSW Collection System
(Introduction)

The MSW collection system classified based on:

• availability of collection services,
• the mode of operation and
• the types of waste materials collected
• Primary Collection: Collection of solid waste from the source of generation and transportation of
waste to the final disposal site, but more often it involves transportation to communal collection
bins or points, processing or transfer station
• Secondary Collection: Collection of waste from communal bins, storage points or transfer station,
and transportation to the final disposal site.
• Basic Collection Scheme: Based on the availability of service:
• Communal system: located in a public place, leads to indiscriminate disposal of MSW.
• waste outside the container, need public co-operation.
• Block Collection: waste generators are responsible for bringing their waste to collection vehicles.
• Kerbside/alley: waste generators place in the waste containers or bags on the kerb or in the alley on a specific
day for collection. well organized collection service is essential.
• Door to door collection: Waste collector knocks on each door or rings doorbell and waits for the waste to be
brought by the resident.
 MSW Collection from high rise dwellings
( Pages 194-196)
• Wastes are picked up by building maintenance personnel/porters/tenants from the
various floors and taken to the basement or service area.
• Wastes discharged in chutes or collected in large containers, compacted in to large
containers.
• In some recently constructed apartment buildings, underground pneumatic transport
wastes from chute discharge point to centralized process facilities systems.
• Both manual and mechanical means.
• Collected in large containers mounted with rollers.
• Once filled, these containers removed by service elevators and emptied into large storage
containers, compactors used with storage containers or other processing equipment's.
• In many office and commercial buildings, the papers collected for recycling in separate
containers.
• In large commercial facilities baling equipment may be used for paper and cardboard, and
crushers are used for the aluminum cans and plastics.
Hauled Container System (Page 204)
Stationary Container System (SCS) ( Page 208)
 Definitions
• H = length of work day
• w = off-route factor
• h = haul time (1-way or round trip)
• t1= time spent driving from dispatch site at beginning of day
• t2= time spent driving to the dispatch site at the end of day
• N = # of trips made per day (same as # of locations serviced)
• L = # of locations or serviced in the work day
• Cn = # of containers per location
• dbc = time to drive between containers
• dbl = time to drive between locations
• s = time spent at disposal site
• pc = time to pick-up container
• uc = time to unload container
• zc = extra container manipulation time required for swap container operations
• PHCS = container handling time at generation site (plus drive to next generation site for conventional system), used to
simplify overall time equation
• THCS = time per round trip (to/from landfill), used to simplify the overall time equation
 Types of waste collection vehicles

There are five basic models of waste collection vehicles:

• Front loaders
• Rear loaders
• Automated Side loaders (ASL)
• Pneumatic collection
• Grapple trucks
 Analysis of Collection Systems ( Pages 211-213)

The activities involved in the collection of solid wastes can be resolved into four unit operations:
1. Pickup
PHCS
The time spent picking up the loaded container,
The time required to re-deposit the container after it has been emptied, and
The time spent driving to the next container

PSCS

The time spent loading the vehicle, beginning with the first container and
ending when the last container has been loaded

[Link] (h)
HCS- The time required to reach the location where the waste will be emptied
SCS - The time required to reach the location where the full vehicle will be emptied and continuing until the truck arrives at the location

[Link]-site (s)
The time spent at the site (landfill, transfer station) where the system is unloaded (including waiting time)

[Link]-Site (W)

Non-productive activities (Check in, check out, meeting, breaks) Typically 15%
Analysis of Collection systems ( Pages 211-212)
HCS: Conventional Mode

Transfer Station or
Landfill
 Analysis of Collection Systems ( Page 214)
The pick up time per trip is equal
to: Phcs = pc + uc + dbc, where:
Phcs = pick up time per trip, h/trip
Pc = time required to pick up loaded container, h/trip
uc = time required to unloaded empty container, h/trip
dbc = time required to drive between container locations, h/trip

The time required per trip is equal to :

Thcs = Phcs + s + a + bx, where, ;
Thcs = time per trip, h/trip
Phcs = pick up time per trip, h/trip
s = at-site time per trip,h/trip
a = empirical haul constant, h/trip
b = empirical haul constant, h/km
x = round-trip haul distance, km/trip

The number of trips that can be made per day:

Nd = (H(1-W)-(t1+t2))/Thcs, where
Nd = number of trip per day, trip/d
W = off-route factor, expressed as a fraction
H = length of workday, h/d
t1 = time from garage to first container location, h
t2 = time from last container location to garage, h
 Typical Values Used for Container Systems ( Page 215)

Typical values for haul constant coefficients a and b (Source: R1, P.610)
Type of haul Speed limit, km/h a, h/trip b, h/km
Communal 88 0.016 0.011
Block 72 0.022 0.014
Kerbside 56 0.034 0.018
Door-to-door 40 0.050 0.025

Typical data for computing equipment and labor requirements for hauled and stationary
container collection systems (Source: R1, P.610).

Collection Compaction Pick up loaded Empty contents of At-site

ratio r container and loaded container, time, s,
deposit empty h/container h/trip
container , h/trip
Vehicle Loading method

Hauled container systems

Tilt-frame Mechanical 0.40 0.127
Tilt-frame Mechanical 2.0-4.0 0.40 0.133

Stationary container systems

Compactor Mechanical 2.0-4.0 0.050 0.10
Compactor Manual 2.0-4.0 0.10
 Analysis of a Hauled Container System ( Page 217)

Example: Solid waste from a new industrial park is to be collected in large

containers, some of which will be used in conjunction with stationary
compactors. Based on traffic studies at similar parks, it is estimated that the
average time to drive from garage to the first container location (t1) and from
the last container location (t2) to the garage each day will be 15 and 20 min,
respectively. If the average time required to drive between containers is 6 min
and the one-way distance to the disposal site is 25 km (speed limit: 88 km/h),
determine the number of containers that can be emptied per day, based on an
8-h workday. Assume the off-route factor, W, is equal to 0.15.
Solution:
1. Determine the pick-up time per trip:
Phcs = pc + uc + dbc
pc + uc = 0.4 h/trip (from table)
Phcs = 0.4 + 0.1 = 0.5 h/trip
Analysis of a Hauled Container System (Cont.)
(Page 217-218)

1. Determine the time per trip:

Thcs = Phcs + s + a + bx,
S = 0.133 h/trip (from table)
a = 0.016 h/trip b = 0.011 h/trip (from table)
Thcs = [0.5 + 0.133 + 0.016 + 0.011(50)] = 1.20 h/trip

2. Determine the number of trips that can be made per day:

Nd = (H(1-W)-(t1+t2))/Thcs,
Nd = [8h/d (1-0.15)-(0.25h+0.33h)]/1.20 h/trip
Nd = 5.18 trip/d ≈ 5 trips/d

3. Determine the actual length of the workday.

5 trips = (1-0.15)H – 0.58/1.2 h/trip
H = [(5x1.2)+0.58]/0.85
= 7.74 h (essentially 8 h)
Comment: if it is assumed that no off-route activities occur during time t1, and t2, then
theoretically 5.26 trips/d could be made. Again, only 5 trips /d would be made in an
actual operation. If, however, the number of trips per day that could be made were 5.8,
for example, it may be cost-effective to pay the driver for the overtime and make 6
trips/d.
Analysis of Stationary Container System (EE, Peavy-pp 613-614)
Solution:
a) Container size = 2 cu.m
Determine the time available for each trip (Tscs)
b) Container utilization factor=0.8
H = [(t1+t2) + Nd Tscs )] / (1-W)
c) Average number of containers at each location = 2
Given: H= 8 h
d) Collection vehicle compaction ratio=2.5
t1= 0.33 h
e) Container unloading time = 0.1 h/ container
t2=0.25 h
f) Average drive time between container locations = 0.1 h
Nd=2
g) One way haul distance – 30 km
W= 0.15( assume)
h) Speed limit = 88 km/h
Tscs = H (1-W) – ( t1 + t2) / Nd
i) Time from garage to first container location = 0.33 h
= [8(1-0.15) – ( 0.33 + 0.25 )] / 2
j) Time from last container to garage = 0.25 h
= 3.1 h
k) Number of trips to disposal site per day = 2
l) Length of workday = 8 h
 Analysis of Stationary Container System-Contd.
Determine the pick-up time per trip ( Pscs) Determine the required capacity of the collection truck.

Tscs = ( Pscs + s + a +bx) Ct = vr/cf

Use: Tscs = 3.1 h Ct = 16

s = 0.1 h ( from the Table) r= 2.5(given)

a = 0.016 (from the Table) c = 4 cu.m (given)

b = 0.011 (from the Table) f = 0.75 (given)

x = 2 x 30 km = 60 km ( round the trip) v = (Ct . cf)/r

Pscs = Tscs – (s + a + bx) = 16 x 4 x 0.75/2.5

= 3.1 – [(0.1+0.016+0.011(60)] = 19.2 cu.m

= 2.32 h / trip
Determine number of containers that can be emptied per trip.
Pscs = Ct uc + (np – 1) dbc
np = Ct/2 ( 2 number of containers per location)
2.32 = Ct(0.1) +(0.5 Ct – 1) 0.1
2.32 = 0.1Ct + 0.05Ct – 0.1
Determine the statistical characteristics of
MSW data
 Number of Collection Vehicles Required

Number of vehicles required

𝑁=
𝑆𝐹
𝑋𝑊
Where:
N = number of vehicles required
S = total number of customers served per week
F = collection frequency
X = number of customers truck can serve per day
W = number of work days per week

Example: Calculate the number of collection vehicles a community would need if it has a
total 5000 customers that are to be collected once per week. A single truck can service 300
customers in a single day and still have time to take the full loads to the landfill. The town
wants to collect on Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, leaving Wednesdays for
special projects and truck maintenance.

Solution: The number of collections vehicles needed for a community can be estimated by
𝑁=
𝑆𝐹
𝑋𝑊
𝑁= 5000 𝑋1 =4.2 trucks
300 𝑋 4
The community will need 5 trucks
 Layout of Collection Routes
It is four step processes:
Map Preparation
• Solid waste pick-up points
• No. of containers
• Collection frequency
• Quantity of waste to be collected each pick-up location.
Preparation of Data Summaries.
• Estimate quantities of waste to be collected each day.
Layout preliminary collection routes starting from dispatch station connecting all pick-
up locations.
Development of a balanced route.
• Haul distance for each route is determined.
• Determine the labor requirement per day and check against the available work time.
 Layout of Routes ( Pages 235-237)

Example: Layout collection routes for the residential area shown in the
accompanying figure. Assume the following data are applicable.
1. General
a. Occupants per resident = 3.5
b. Solid waste generation rate = 1.6 kg/[Link]
c. Collection frequency = once/week
d. Type of collection service = curb
e. Collection crew = one person
f. Collection vehicle = 20m3
g. Compacted density of solid wastes in collection vehicle = 325 kg/ m3
2. Route constraints
a. No U-turns in streets
b. Collection from each side of street with stand-up right-hand drive
collection vehicle
Layout of Routes-contd. ( Pages 235-237)
 Layout of Routes-contd. ( Pages 235-237)

Solution:
1. Determine total number of residence from which wastes are to be collected.
Residences = 10(6) + 4(36) +1(28) = 332
2. Determine the compacted volume of solid waste to be collected per week
Vol/wk = (332 residences x 3.5persone/residance x 1.6 kg/person.d x 7d) /325 kg/m3
= 40.0 m3 /wk
3. Determine the number of trips/wk.
Trip/wk = (40.0 m3 /wk)/(20 m3 /trip) = 2
4. Determine the average number of residences from which wastes are to be collected each day.
Residences/trip = 332/2 =166
5. Layout collection routes by trial and error using the route constraints as a guide. The two routes are
shown in the above figure.
 Unit Operations used for Separation and Processing of SW
( Page 255)

• Size Reduction
• Shredding
• Glass Crushers
• Wood Grinders
• Vibrating Screens
• Rotary Screens
• Disc Screens
• Density Separation
• Magnetic Seperation
 E waste management

Oman is planning to recycle E-Waste.

An e-waste recycling unit will be commissioned in Salalah in 2023.
At present Oman is generating around 225,000 kg of E-waste per year.
Be’ah will create an app to collect the e-waste.
Alternatively e-waste from the repairing shops and electronic service
centers.
Separate metals, plastic from the e-waste mechanically.
Some PCBs contain a small quantity of gold. There is enough scope to
recover gold from the e-waste.
 Transfer Station-contd.
• The primary reason for using a transfer station is to reduce the cost of transporting
waste to disposal facilities.
• This also reduces fuel consumption and collection vehicle maintenance costs, plus
produces less overall traffic, air emissions, and road wear.
• They reduce the overall traffic levels by using fewer but larger-capacity vehicles,
which reduces traffic congestion and pollution (reduction ratio of from 3 (trucks) :1
(transfer haul) or probably 5:1).
• In areas with a low population density it is cheaper to have a transfer station that
incorporates short-term storage of the waste.
• In addition, a transfer station also provides:
• Allow the waste to be screened to remove recyclable materials.
• Flexibility in selecting waste disposal options.
• An opportunity to serve as a convenience center for public use.
• Reduce illegal dumping.
• Make the collection and transport system more efficient and cost-effective
 Collection of Solid waste in Oman
• Major problems:
• Poor building layouts.
• Road congestion - time cost, transport costs.
• Leaching (leakage).
• Physical infrastructure.
• Old containers used (leaky/ damaged).
• Absence of systematic methods (especially at apartments, markets with
large waste volume).
• Lack of public participation, effective laws.
• Collections were made by:
• Municipal/ District Council/be’ah.
• Private firm under contract to municipal/be’ah.
• Private firm contract with private residents.
• Oman Environmental Services Holding Company S.A.O.C "be'ah" was
established in 2007. In 2009, Royal Decree No. 46/2009, granted be'ah the
mandate and the legal status as the entity responsible for solid waste
management in the Sultanate of Oman.
Life of a landfill
Example: The landfill area is 9 hectares. The height of landfill is 25m, the MSW dumping
rate is 800 tons/d. The density of compacted solid waste is 450 kg/m3.
Assess the life of a landfill.
Solution:
Volume of landfill = 9 ha x 10,000 m2/ha x 25 m= 2,250,000 m3.
The weight of solid waste to be filled = Volume m3 x Density kg/m3
= 2,250,000 m3 x 450 kg/m3
= 1,012,500,000 kg
The MSW dumping rate = 800 tons/day= 800,000 kg/d
Landfill life in days = Total weight in kg/dumping rate kg/d
= 1,012,500,000 kg/ 800,000 kg/d
= 1265 days
= 1265 days/365 days/year = 3.46 years.
Life of a landfill
The area of a landfill is 5 hectares. The height of landfill is 30 m. The population of
the area is 95000 and the solid waste generation rate is 1.2 kg/capita/d. The
density of compacted solid waste is 390 kg/m3. Assess the life of the landfill.
Solution:
The volume of landfill = 5 ha x 10,000 m2/ha x 30 m = 1,500,000 m3
Weight of solid waste to be filled in the landfill = Volume m3 x Density kg/m3
= 1,500,000 m3 x 390 kg/m3
= 585,000,000 kg
Solid waste generation rate per day = 95000 capita x 1.2 kg/capita/d
= 114,000 kg/d
Number of landfilling days = 585,000,000 kg/ 114,000 kg/d
= 5131 days