BERNOULLI'

S
PRINCIPLES
UNDERSTANDING THE
SECRETS OF FLOWING
LIQUIDS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
[Link] will delve the fundamental concept in
fluid dynamics helps us understand how the
pressure, velocity, and energy of fluids
interact.
[Link] will explore the principle's applications
in various everyday phenomena, from the
flight of airplanes to the effect of air
pressure to a thrown ball.
 REVIEW:
What is pressure-
the physical force exerted on an
object: P=F/A

Velocity-
indicates both an object’s speed
and direction.
 WHAT MAKES AN AIRPLANE
FLY?
Who was Daniel Bernoulli?
Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782)
was a brilliant Swiss
mathematician and
physicist.

He made significant
contributions to various
fields, including fluid
mechanics, probability
theory, and elasticity.
 The Essence of Bernoulli's
Principle
Bernoulli's principle states that for an
incompressible fluid flowing in a
streamline manner, the sum of its pressure
(P), kinetic energy (KE), and potential
energy (PE) remains constant along a
streamline.

In simpler terms, as the velocity (v) of the

fluid increases, its pressure decreases,
 The Bernoulli
Equation
Bernoulli's equation provides a
mathematical relationship
between pressure, velocity, and
height
P = pressure
ρ = fluid density
v = fluid velocity
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = height
where:
•P₁ and P₂ are the pressures at points 1 and 2 in
the fluid flow (Pa)
•ρ is the density of the fluid (kg/m³)
•v₁ and v₂ are the velocities of the fluid at points
1 and 2 (m/s)
•g is the acceleration due to gravity (m/s²)
•h₁ and h₂ are the heights of points 1 and 2
relative to a reference level (m)
SAMPLE PROBLEM A:
Water enters a horizontal
pipe of non-uniform cross-
section with a velocity of
0.6m/s and leaves the other
end with a velocity of 0.4m/s.
At the first end, pressure of
water is 1600N/m2. Calculate
the pressure of water at the
Bernoulli's equation for a horizontal pipe
can be used to find the pressure at the
second point of the pipe, which is

where, ρ is the density of water =

1000kg/m3
v1 is the velocity at first point = 0.6m/s
P1 is the pressure at first point =
1600N/m2
v2 is the velocity at second point =
Putting these values in the
Bernoulli's equation,
Below is a picture of a pipe with a
fluid running through it.
PROBLEM B:
If the initial velocity of the
fluid is 5m/s, the final velocity
is 10m/s, and the initial
pressure is 110kPa (with an
unchanging potential energy),
what is the value of the final
pressure?
 P2 = P1 + ½ (V1² -V2²)
Now, we can plug in our values.

P2=110kPa + 5² - 10²
2

P2=110kPa + (−37.5)

P2=72.5kPa
 Application of Bernoulli's
principle in everyday life
Airplane Wings: This is a classic
application. The shape of an airplane wing
creates an area on top where air flows
faster than the area underneath. According
to Bernoulli's principle, faster moving air
creates lower pressure. This pressure
difference creates lift, which is essential for
keeping airplanes airborne.
SEVERAL FACTORS THAT
CONTRIBUTE TO LIFT:
Angle of attack (the angle between the
wing and the oncoming airflow)
Drag (force opposing the motion of the
airplane)
Viscous effects (friction between air and
wing)
Wing shape complexity
BASEBALL CURVE BALLS: Ever
notice how a spinning p
baseball can curve? The spin
creates a difference in airspeed
on either side of the ball,
similar to the airplane wing.
This pressure difference causes
the ball to curve in the
direction of the slower-moving
SPRAYING LIQUIDS: Many household
items like atomizers and perfume
sprayers use Bernoulli's principle. As you
squeeze the pump, you force air through
a narrow opening. This increases the
airspeed, lowering the pressure above
the liquid reservoir. The higher
atmospheric pressure outside then
pushes the liquid upwards and out of the
Car spoilers are wing-
like structures attached to
the rear of a vehicle.
While they often have a
sporty look, their primary
function is aerodynamic,
and Bernoulli's principle
plays a key role in their
effectiveness.
Car Brakes: When you press the
brake pedal in a car, disc brakes
squeeze a disc attached to the
wheel. This creates friction,
converting the car's kinetic
energy into heat.
Venturi meters are flow
measurement instruments which
use a converging section of pipe to
give an increase in the flow velocity
and a corresponding pressure drop
from which the flowrate can be
deduced.
 Torricelli's
Theorem and Fluid
Flow Velocity
Evangelista Torricelli
•Evangelista Torricelli (1608-
1647) was an Italian
mathematician and
physicist.
•He made significant
contributions to
mathematics, physics, and
astronomy.
•Torricelli's theorem, named
after him, is a crucial
principle in understanding
fluid flow.
Torricelli's Theorem Explained
•Torricelli's theorem relates the
velocity (v) of a fluid exiting an
opening in a container to the
vertical distance (h) between the
liquid surface and the opening's
center.
•It essentially states that the
potential energy of the liquid due to
its height is converted into the
 Formula for Torricelli's
Theorem

The velocity (v) of the exiting

fluid can be calculated using
the following formula:

V=√(2gh)
•Where: v is the velocity (m/s)
•g is the acceleration due to
gravity (approximately 9.8
m/s²)
•h is the vertical distance
between the liquid surface and
the center of the opening (m)
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A cylindrical
water tank is 4
meters tall.
There's a small
hole at the
bottom (point A),
and another hole
2 meters above
the bottom (point
•To find the velocity of the
water exiting each hole,
we can use Torricelli's
theorem:
v(A) = √(2 * 9.8 * 4) =
√(78.4) ≈ 8.9 m/s (for hole
A at the bottom)
v(B) = √(2 * 9.8 * 2) =
SAMPLE PROBLEM B
Scenario: A firefighter aims a hose
horizontally from a fire truck. The
water stream exits the hose at a
velocity of 15 m/s. We know the
acceleration due to gravity is
approximately 9.8 m/s². Ignoring
friction and assuming steady flow,
what was the height of the water in
To find the height of the tank
we will use the formula:

h = v^2 / (2g)
Solution:
[Link] are given the velocity
of the exiting fluid (v) = 15
m/s.
[Link] know the acceleration
due to gravity (g) = 9.8 m/s².
[Link] need to find the height
of the liquid in the tank (h).
Plugging in the known
values:
h = (15 m/s)² / (2 * 9.8 m/s²)
h ≈ 11.73 meters (rounded
to two decimal places)
Answer: The height of the
water in the fire truck's tank
was approximately 11.73
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
A cylindrical tank filled with
water has a height (h) of 5
meters. There's a small hole
at the bottom (point B) of the
tank. If the acceleration due
to gravity (g) is 9.8 m/s², what
is the velocity (v) of the water
flowing out of the hole?
Solution:
[Link] the knowns and unknowns:
[Link]: h (height) = 5 m, g (acceleration due
to gravity) = 9.8 m/s²
[Link]: v (velocity) of the water
[Link] Torricelli's Theorem: Torricelli's
Theorem states that the velocity of the fluid exiting
a hole in a container is proportional to the square
root of the height of the fluid above the hole. We
can express this with the following equation: v =
√(2gh)
[Link] for the velocity: v = √(2 * 9.8 m/s² * 5
m) v = √(98 m²/s²) v ≈ 9.9 m/s (rounded to two
Why is Torricelli’s law important?
Torricelli had interests in various
aspects of physics and mathematics,
and Torricelli’s theorem was one of his
most significant achievements. The
law explains the relation between fluid
leaving a hole and the liquid’s height
in that container.
Formula: This relationship can
be expressed mathematically as
v = √(2gh), where v is the
velocity, g is the acceleration
due to gravity, and h is the
height.
Limitations: The theorem assumes
ideal conditions – inviscid fluid (no
friction), a small opening compared
to the container, and incompressible
fluid (density remains constant).
Real-world applications may require
additional considerations for factors
like friction and varying container
shapes.
•Applications: Torricelli's theorem
has various applications in fluid
mechanics, including:
•Designing water fountains and
dams
•Understanding fluid flow in pipes
and channels
•Analyzing the performance of
pumps
In conclusion, Torricelli's theorem
provides a powerful tool for
understanding the relationship between
the height of a fluid in a container and
the velocity at which it exits an opening
due to gravity. The key points to
remember are:
•Relationship between height and
velocity: The theorem states that the
velocity of the exiting fluid is
proportional to the square root of the
PUMP
SIPHONS:
Transferring
Liquids Without
External Power
What is a
Pump
Siphon?
•A continuous tube bent into a U-
shape
•One end submerged in a source
liquid container
•Other end positioned lower in a
receiving container
•Utilizes gravity and atmospheric
pressure to transfer liquid
 The Science Behind
Pump Siphons
 Bernoulli's Principle: Explains the
relationship between fluid pressure,
velocity, and potential energy

 As liquid flows through the siphon, its

velocity increases, causing a pressure
decrease (Venturi effect)
 Atmospheric pressure acting on the
source liquid pushes it into the
lower pressure zone created in the
siphon

 Gravity pulls the liquid down the

longer arm of the siphon, initiating
 APPLICATIONS OF PUMP
SIPHONS
 Transferring liquids: Aquariums,
gasoline siphons, pool cleaning
 Irrigation: Moving water from a higher
level source to lower level plants.
 Bilge pumps: Removing unwanted
water from boat hulls
 KEY LEARNINGS:
•Pump siphons are clever devices that
utilize gravity and atmospheric pressure
to transfer liquids.
•They have a wide range of applications
in everyday life and engineering.
•Optimizing flow rate in a siphon
involves balancing the effects of gravity
and friction in the tubing.
THE POWER OF TURBINES
What is a Turbine?
A turbine is a rotary engine that
extracts energy from a moving fluid.
The fluid pushes on the turbine
blades, causing the shaft to rotate.
This rotational motion can be used
directly for mechanical work or
converted into electrical energy using
a generator.
 TYPES OF TURBINES

Wind
Turbines:
Capture the
energy of
wind to
generate
Hydroelectri
c Turbines:
Utilize the
power of
moving water
to produce
electricity.
Steam Turbines:
Convert the energy
of hot, pressurized
steam into
mechanical work,
often used in
power plants to
generate
electricity.
Gas Turbines:
Burn fuels like
natural gas to
create hot gases
that spin the
turbine, used for
power generation
and jet
CONCLUSION: Turbines are a
testament to human ingenuity and
a vital tool in our journey towards a
sustainable future. As technology
continues to evolve, turbines will
play an even greater role in
harnessing clean and renewable
energy sources, shaping a more
sustainable future for generations
“THE GOAL IN LIFE IS TO
BE SOLID, WHEREAS THE
WAY THAT LIFE WORKS IS
TOTALLY FLUID, SO YOU
CAN NEVER ACTUALLY
ACHIEVE THAT GOAL.”

Damien Hirst
THANK
YOU
SOMEONE@[Link]