Reproduction:
Continuity of Life
Quarter II : Module 4
Prepared by:
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Science Teacher
REPRODUCTION
Reproduction is the production of offspring, or
new individuals, through a sexual or asexual
process to make sure a species can continue.
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REPRODUCTION
Asexual Sexual Reproduction
Reproduction involves 2 parents
involves only 1 offspring genetic mix of
parent both parents
offspring involves specialized sex
genetically identical cells
to parent its slow
involves regular
body cells
its quick
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Involves only one parent producing identical
offspring with the exact same genetic material.
Types of Asexual Reproduction
Binary fission
Budding
Regeneration
Parthenogenesis
Spores
BINARY FISSION
• When the parent divides into
two new identical cell
• one parent cell splits into 2
identical daughter cells
• happens in bacteria, amoeba,
some algae
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Binary Fission
Rod-Shaped Bacterium,
hemorrhagic E. coli
2 daughter cells are identical to parent
BUDDING
Hydra
• A cell grows from the body of a
parent cell similar to the way a bud
forms on a tree branch. The new
cell breaks away and lives on its
own.
• Happens in yeast, hydra, corals parent
produces a bud, bud gets detached
and develops into offspring which is
identical to parent
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Budding
REGENERATION
The ability of an Planaria
organism to
regenerate injured
parts into new
individuals
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regeneration
REGENERATION
1. Repair/ grow lost body
parts
2. Left over cells divide to
make more cells
3. Lobsters, starfish, lizards
PARTHENOGENESIS
Parthenogenesis is a form of
asexual reproduction in which
females produce eggs that
develop without fertilization.
Parthenogenesis is seen to occur
naturally in some invertebrates,
along with several fish,
amphibians, and reptiles as well
as in many plants. There are no
known cases of parthenogenesis
in mammals.
SPORE FORMATION
• Fungi most often reproduce by making
spores. Lightweight spores are
surrounded by a protective covering and
can be easily carried through air or water
to new places.
• happens in fungi, green algae, moulds and
non flowering plants (e.g. ferns)
• spores are produced and each spore
develops into offspring which are identical
to parent
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Spore Formation
Fern
Fungi
Mushroom
Vegetative
Reproduction
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
• Vegetative reproduction is a type of
asexual reproduction in plants that
relies on multi-cellular structures
formed by the parent plant. It has
long been exploited in horticulture
and agriculture, with various
methods employed to multiply
stocks of plants.
• does not involve seeds some
offspring can grow from cuttings
(e.g. coleus), runners (e.g.
strawberries), tubers (e.g. potatoes)
or bulbs (e.g. tulips)… which are
part of the parent plant
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TYPES OF VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
underground stolons
(mints)
rhizomes (cattails)
corms (gladiolus)
bulbs (onion)
tubers (Irish potatoes)
runners (strawberries)
UNDERGROUND STOLONS
Example of St. Augustine
Grass
RHIZOMES
CORMS
EXAMPLE WOULD BE GLADIOLUS
Flower Bud
Foliage Leaves
Bulb Scales
Basal
BULBLETS
Plate
BULBS
TUBERS
TUBERS
RUNNERS
RUNNERS
Plantlets
Sexual Reproduction in Animals
involves specialized sex cells called gametes
the union of a male and female gamete
results in the formation of a zygote that
develops into a new individual
Sexual Reproduction
Method of reproduction requiring genetic contribution
from two parents and producing genetically unique
offspring
Three stages of sexual reproduction:
1) Mating – Process by which gametes arrive in the
same place at the same time.
●
Humans = intercourse
● Plants = fertilization
● Fish = spawning
2) Fertilization – Union of egg and sperm cells
3) Development – Growth and specialization into the organism
Fertilization
There are three ways for the gametes to unite:
1)Internal Fertilization
●
Sperm are deposited inside the body of the female
●
Common in land-dwelling organisms
●
Embryo develops and is nourished inside mothers
body or inside a hard shelled egg
Fertilization
There are three ways for the gametes to unite:
1)Internal Fertilization
●
Sperm are deposited inside the body of the female
●
Common in land-dwelling organisms
●
Embryo develops and is nourished inside mothers
body or inside a hard shelled egg
Fertilization
3) Pollination
●
Type of internal fertilization found in plants
●
Plants may self-pollinate or cross-pollinate Pollen
●
contains the male gametes
● May require pollinators (eg. birds, bugs, wind)
Sexual Reproduction
in Plants
Female Parts
Male Parts
(Pistil)
pollen (male) + ovule (female) → single-celled zygote → multi-celled
embryo (contained in a seed) → new individual
Pollination
1) Pollen grains carry the sperm cells of the plant to
the sticky stigma of the female reproductive structure
2) A pollen tube grows from the pollen grain down the
style to deliver sperm to the egg cells in the ovules
3)Fertilization occurs
4) Zygote develops and is nourished by stored
nutrients inside a seed
5) Seed germinates and grows into a mature plant
when conditions are optimal
Sexual Reproduction Summary
Male Female Type of Result of Final
Gamete Gamete Union Union Result
Plants pollen ovule pollination single cell multi-cell
(egg) zygote embryo
(in seed)
Animals sperm egg fertilization single cell multi-cell
zygote embryo
Some Organisms do Both
most plants that produce seeds (sexual
reproduction) can also reproduce asexually by
things like cuttings or runners
this gives them an advantage for survival
sponges and hydra mosses
Which is Better?
It depends!
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
advantages advantages
does not require special cells lots of variation within a
or a lot of energy species
can produce offspring quickly able to live in a variety of
in a stable environment environmental settings
creates large, thriving able to adapt to changes in the
population environment
disadvantages disadvantages
limited ability to adapt needs time & energy
face massive die-off if produce small populations
environment changes