HUMAN

VARIATIO
N
MODULE 1
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OBJECTIVES
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ENVIRONME
NT
HISTO
RY

Two of the primary factors that shape the

behavior of human groups.
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Cultural Variations
• are established as each human group
experiences differing environmental conditions

(Left) Inuit children wearing clothes made of animal fur (Right) ¡Kung bushmen wearing g-strings and shawls
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Nationality & Ethnicity

Nationality is the identity that is tied to being part of a
nation or country—a “group of people who share the
same history, traditions, and language” and who inhabits
a particular territory delineated by a political border and
administered by a government. Nationality can be
acquired by being born in a country or through legal
processes such as naturalization on citizenship.
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Nationality & Ethnicity

• Ethnicity refers to what ethnic group do you belong.

Ethnic Groups are smaller cultural groups within a
nation that share specific social environments,
traditions, and histories that may not be necessarily
subscribed to by mainstream society.
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[Link]
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Socioecono
Gender
mic Class

Social
Differences
Political
Identity
Religious
Beliefs
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Gender
• refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors,
activities, and attributes that a given society
considers appropriate for men and women.
• gender categories are more varied,
accommodating identities such as lesbian, gay,
bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex
(collectively referred to as LGBTQI), among
others.
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Gender

• SEX which refers to the biological

characteristic of humans such as
male or female.
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A person is inclined to be
Heterosexua sexually attracted to a
l person of the opposite
sex.

Homosex
A person is sexually ual
attracted to a person
of the same sex
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Gender Gay

Transgender Lesbian

Pansexu
Bisexual
al

Polysexu
Asexual
al
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Gay
• A male who is romantically and
sexually attracted to another male.
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Lesbian
• A female who is romantically and sexually
attracted to another female.
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Bisexual
• Some individuals who are attracted to both
sexes.
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Asexual
• Some who are totally incapable of being
attracted to any sex.
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Polysexual
• Individuals who are attracted to multiple
types of gender.
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Pansexual
• Individuals who who accommodate all types of
gender
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Transgender
• are people whose gender identities do not match their
biological identity as male or female.
• their sexual orientation is not related to their genitalia,
which allow them to identify with any other type of
gender such as heterosexual, homosexual,
pansexual, bisexual, and asexual
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Transsexual
• These individuals believe that the discord
between their internal gender and the gender
role that they have to perform can be addressed
through medical sexual reassignment.
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SOGIE
• sexual orientation, gender identity, and
gender expression
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Sexual Orientation
• refers to a person's biological identity, which
may be male, female, or intersex (i.e.,
hermaphrodite).
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Gender Identity
• is an individual's internal concept of self that may be
related to being masculine, feminine, neither, or
both, without strict relation to the physical
characteristics that the person has. So a person
could be physically male but have a female gender
identity.
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Gender Expression
• is how an individual chooses to present himself or
herself in society. This can be observed in the
choices on pronouns that they use to refer to
themselves, the clothes that they wear, and the
general behavior they display to signify their gender
identity.
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Socioeconomic Class
• The concept of socioeconomic class varies between
societies as the ideas associated with being poor or rich
differ based on the collective experiences of individuals.
• As such, Filipinos who are from the Global South
(developing countries) would perceive poverty differently
from Singaporeans who are from the Global North
(developed countries or industrialized nations).
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Socioeconomic Class
• People falling into different social classes are bound to
experience life differently such as in the form of
transportation and the type and amount of food that they
can afford and consume daily. The typical determinants
of one's social status include income, value of assets
and amount of savings, cultural interests and hobbies,
and economic status of his or her peers and relatives.
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Political Identity
• as a social category refers to the set of attitudes and practices
that an individual adheres to in relation to the political systems
and actors within his or her society. Petryna (2001) discussed
the context of “biological citizenship” as an adaptive tool utilized
by individuals who were biologically affected by the Chernobyl
nuclear disaster in 1986. She argued: “the damaged biology of a
population has become the grounds for social membership and
the basis for staking citizenship claims.”
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Political Identity
• Religion can also offer political identity to its followers.
Members of the church Iglesia ni Cristo promote the practice
of block voting, a church-based exercise of one's right to
suffrage wherein the ministers and the members agree to
unanimously vote for a chosen candidate or political party
lineup.
• In a more rigid context, an individual can acquire political
identity by subscribing to a political belief such as
communism, democracy, or socialism.
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Religion
• The belief in the supernatural has been one of the
universal preoccupations of humans as early as
60,000 years ago. The earliest forms of religion
revolved around making sense of natural occurrences
such as extreme weather conditions, natural and
man-made calamities, sickness, and even death.
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Religion
• Early human art exuded
ancient forms of superstitions
that included beliefs in the
afterlife and that of
superhuman capabilities. The
Sorcerer of Les Gabillou is an
example of a Paleolithic
artwork. This artwork depicts
the supernatural ability of a
religious practitioner to
become half-man and half-
animal.
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Religion
• Today, religion has evolved to promote far complex forms of
understanding human nature, the afterlife, and natural events.
Some are monotheistic, believing in the existence of one god,
whereas others are polytheistic, believing in the existence of
multiple gods. Some religions have gods arranged in a hierarchy,
and others have gods that equally coexist. What must be noted is
that religion is a mirror of the society that affiliates with it, such
that a society with a strong caste system such as India is
expected to have a set of gods that are placed in a hierarchical
system as well.
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Exceptionality/Non-
exceptionality
• Some individuals do not conform to behavioral or cognitive
norms, not because they intend to deviate, but because
they are exceptional. The concept of exceptionality leans
on the non-average capacity of an individual. This could
be understood in a spectrum of capabilities, wherein you
have the geniuses in one extreme and you have the
disabled and challenged in the other extreme. Such
characteristics would place an individual in compromising
situations as the environment demands conformity.
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Cultural Variation
• The variation in human conditions promotes
diversity and plurality in cultural traditions. This
could lead to discrimination and ostracism.
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Ethnocentrism
• is a perspective that promotes an individual's
culture as the most efficient and superior; hence,
the individual who exhibits ethnocentrism feels that
his or her culture is the most appropriate as
compared with other cultures.
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Cultural Relativism
• promotes the perspective that cultures
must be understood in the context of their
locality
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Race
• used as a form of human classification that
was based on observable human traits and
characteristics.
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Race
• Some of the earlier categories include Caucasoid, Australoid,
Mongoloid, and Negroid. These categories merely reflect the
differences in skin color, size of skull, height, body frame, and
other physical characteristics. The clear delineation among
these categories is blurred by the constant intermarriages
among peoples of various ethnic origins producing offspring
who possess mixed traits from the parents. In the Philippines,
an individual whose parents have different ethno-biological
backgrounds is often dubbed as a mestiza (female) or a
mestizo (male)
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Race
• Due to the social contexts associated with racial groups,
discrimination was further exacerbated. In countries that
practiced slavery of African populations, racial
discrimination against individuals of African descent by
the colonizers became a highly observable phenomenon.
• From racial slurs to unequal access, and to benefits and
opportunities, racism creates a deep social cleavage that
further marginalizes the subjects of racial oppression.
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Race
• Filipinos have also been subject to various forms
of racism, having been subjected to three major
colonizing powers (Spanish, American, and
Japanese). These forms of racism include
segregated spaces, disqualification from potential
work despite qualifications, and inaccessibility to
quality education.
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Race
• The question that everyone must answer in relation to
racial variation is this: Are humans really different from
one another, or are our differences just skin-deep?
• Some scholars would argue that there should be
biological egalitarianism among humans to prevent
further racism. This perspective promotes the equality of
our biological makeup despite our ancestry.
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Thank
ELVIS T. TAGUDANDO​

You!
Special Science Teacher I (Mathematics)
@tee_an_noh
/queenelvisteeannohtagudando