Slide 1-1

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-2

Introduction 1

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-3
Why Study Operating Systems?
• Understand the model of operation
– Easier to see how to use the system
– Enables you to write efficient code
• Learn to design an OS
• Even so, OS is pure overhead of real work
• Application programs have the real value to
person who buys the computer

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-4

What is an Operating System?

• A program or collection of programs that act as

intermediary between the user of a computer and
the computer hardware.
• Operating system goals:
– Make the computer convenient to use.
– Use computer resources in an efficient manner.
– Coordinate among the various users and programs that
are competing for computing resources.

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-5

Perspectives of the Computer

print open() start-printer

cut malloc() read-disk
save send fork() track-mouse

Application Application Application

Software Software Software
System System System
Software Software Software

Hardware Hardware Hardware

(a) End User (b) Application (c) OS Programmer

View Programmer View
View
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-6

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-7

Operating System Definition

• OS provides an interface between the computer

hardware and users, applications and system
software.
• OS manages computer resources.
• OS controls and coordinates the use of the
computing resources among the various
users/programs:
– resource sharing among computer users/programs
– protect users from each others

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-8
System Software
•Independent of individual applications, but
common to all of them
•Examples
–C library functions
–A window system
–A database management system
–Resource management functions
–The OS

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-9

Using the System Software

Application
Programmer

Software
SoftwareAPI
API
Command
Command
Line Loader
Loader
System Software

Line Window
Interpreter
Interpreter Window
System
System
Libraries
Libraries
Libraries
Libraries
Compiler
Compiler Libraries
Libraries

Database
Database OS
OS
Management
Management
System
System

Hardware
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-10
Application Software, System Software, and the OS

Human-Computer Interface

Application Software
API
System Software
(More Abstract Resources)
OS Interface
Trusted OS
(Abstract Resources)

Software-Hardware Interface

Hardware Resources
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-11
The OS as Resource Manager
•Process: An executing program
•Resource: Anything that is needed for a
process to run
–Memory
–Space on a disk
–The CPU

•“An OS creates resource abstractions”

•“An OS manages resource sharing”
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-12
Resource Abstraction
load(block, length, device);
seek(device, 236);
out(device, 9)

write(char *block, int len, int device,

int track, int sector) {
...
load(block, length, device);
seek(device, 236);
out(device, 9);
...
}

write(char *block, int len, int device,int addr);

fprintf(fileID, “%d”, datum);

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Disk Abstractions Slide 1-13

Application
Programmer
OS Programmer

int fprintf(…) {
...
void write() { write(…)
load(…); …
seek(…) }
load(…);
seek(…); out(…)
out(…); }

(a) Direct Control (b) write() (c) fprintf()

abstraction abstraction
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-14

Abstract Resources

User Interface

Application

Abstract Resources (API)

Middleware

OS Resources (OS Interface)

OS

Hardware Resources
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-15

Abstract Machines
Abstract
Machines
Idea
Program
Program Result
Result
Physical
Machine
Idea

Program
Program Result
Result

…
…

…
Idea

Program
Program Result
Result

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-16
Resource Sharing

• Space- vs time-multiplexed sharing

• To control sharing, must be able to isolate
resources
• OS usually provides mechanism to isolate,
then selectively allows sharing
– How to isolate resources
– How to be sure that sharing is acceptable
• Concurrency

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 The OS as a Conductor Slide 1-17

The OS coordinates the sharing and use of all the

components in the computer

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Multiprogramming Slide 1-18

Abstract Abstract Abstract

Machine Pi Machine Pj Machine Pk

OS Resource Sharing

PPi Memory
i Memory

PPk Memory
k Memory

…
Time-multiplexed PPj Memory
j Memory
Physical Processor
Space-multiplexed
Physical Memory
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-19

Multiprogramming(2)
• Technique for sharing the CPU among
runnable processes
– Process may be blocked on I/O
– Process may be blocked waiting for other
resource, including the CPU
• While one process is blocked, another
might be able to run
• Multiprogramming OS accomplishes CPU
sharing “automatically” – scheduling
• Reduces time to run all processes
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-20
How Multiprogramming Works

Process 1

Process 2

Process 3

Time-multiplexed CPU
Process 4

Space-multiplexed Memory

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Speeding Up the Car Wash Slide 1-21

Vacuum
Wash Dry
Inside

(a) The Sequential Car Wash

Vacuum
Inside

Wash Dry

(b) The Parallel Car Wash

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-22

Multiprogramming Performance
Pi’s Total Execution Time, ti
Time
0 ti
(a) Pi’s Use of Machine Resources

P1
P2
…
Pi
…
PN
Time

(a) All Processes’ Use of Machine Resources

Using the processor
I/O operation
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-23

OS Strategies

• Batch processing
• Timesharing
• Personal computer & workstations
• Process control & real-time
• Network
• Distributed
• Small computers

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-24

Batch Processing

Job 3
Job 19

Input Spooler Output Spooler

Input Spool Output Spool

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Batch Processing(2) Slide 1-25

• Uses multiprogramming
• Job (file of OS commands) prepared offline
• Batch of jobs given to OS at one time
• OS processes jobs one-after-the-other
• No human-computer interaction
• OS optimizes resource utilization
• Batch processing (as an option) still used
today

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-26
A Shell Script Batch File

cc -g -c menu.c
cc -g -o driver driver.c menu.o
driver < test_data > test_out
lpr -PthePrinter test_out
tar cvf driver_test.tar menu.c driver.c test_data test_out
uuencode driver_test.tar driver_test.tar >driver_test.encode

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-27

Timesharing Systems
Abstract
Machines

Result
Physical
Command Machine

Result

Command

…
Result

Command

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Timesharing Systems(2) Slide 1-28

• Uses multiprogramming
• Support interactive computing model
(Illusion of multiple consoles)
• Different scheduling & memory allocation
strategies than batch
• Tends to propagate processes
• Considerable attention to resource isolation
(security & protection)
• Tend to optimize response time
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-29

Personal Computers
• CPU sharing among one person’s processes
• Power of computing for personal tasks
– Graphics
– Multimedia
• Trend toward very small OS
• OS focus on resource abstraction
• Rapidly evolved to “personal multitasking”
systems

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-30

Process Control & Real-Time

• Computer is dedicated to a single purpose

• Classic embedded system
• Must respond to external stimuli in fixed
time
• Continuous media popularizing real-time
techniques
• An area of growing interest

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-31

Networks
• LAN (Local Area Network) evolution
• 3Mbps (1975)  10 Mbps (1980)  100 Mbps
(1990)  1 Gbps (2000)
• High speed communication means new way to do
computing
– Shared files
– Shared memory
– Shared procedures/objects
– ???

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-32

Distributed OS

• Wave of the future

App App App

App App App

Distributed OS

Multiple Computers connected by a Network

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Distributed Systems Slide 1-33

• Distribute the computation among several physical

processors.
• Multiprocessor system: Tightly coupled systems –
processors share memory and a clock;
communication usually takes place through the
shared memory.
• Loosely coupled systems – each processor has its
own local memory; processors communicate with
one another through various communication lines
• Advantages of distributed systems:
– Resource sharing, Computation speed up
– Reliability, Communication

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-35

Small Computers
• PDAs, STBs, embedded systems became
commercially significant
• Have an OS, but
– Not general purpose
– Limited hardware resources
– Different kinds of devices
• Touch screen, no keyboard
• Graffiti
– Evolving & leading to new class of Oses
• PalmOS, Pocket PC (WinCE), VxWorks, …

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-36

Evolution of Modern OS

Timesharing
Network OS
Memory Mgmt
Scheduling PC & Wkstation Client-Server Model
Batch Protection
System software
Protocols

Memory Mgmt Human-Computer Real-Time

Protection Interface
Scheduling Scheduling
Files
Devices Small Computer
Network storage,
Modern OS Resource management

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-37

Examples of Modern OS
• UNIX variants (e.g. Linux) -- have evolved
since 1970
• Windows NT/2K -- has evolved since 1989
(much more modern than UNIX
– Win2K = WinNT, V5
• Research OSes – still evolving …
• Small computer OSes – still evolving …
• Book provides Linux examples
• This course will use Windows NT as the
main example
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 The Microsoft OS Family Slide 1-38

Win32
Win32API
API
Win32
Win32API
APISubset
Subset
Win32
Win32API
APISubSet
SubSet

Windows
WindowsCE CE
(Pocket
(PocketPC)
PC)

Windows
Windows95/98/Me
95/98/Me

Windows
WindowsNT/2000/XP
NT/2000/XP

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-39

Microsoft Windows NT
• Heavily window-oriented
• Foundation behavior is windows-
independent
– We will focus on the foundation
– Use only the “MS-DOS prompt” -- [Link]

OS API

NT Executive
NT User Interface
NT Kernel and Graphics

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-40

Windows NT (cont)
• OS API has text orientation (like UNIX)
• Object-oriented implementation
• Heavy use of threads
• Broad spectrum of synchronization tools
• Modern I/O system

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-41

VxWorks Organization
Applications
Applications
VxWorks
VxWorksRuntime
RuntimeSystem
System

VxWorks
VxWorksConfigurable
Configurable
Core
CoreOS
OSExtension
Extension

Wind
WindMicrokernel
Microkernel

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1
 Slide 1-42
Windows CE Organization

Shells and Applications

Win32 API (& Network Extensions)

Network Graphics,
Object and Window Mgr,
Kernel Store Comm and
Services Event Mgr

Device Drivers
OEM Abstraction Layer

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 1