Values
Values
Values
Values
Basic convictions that a specific mode of
conduct or end-state of existence is
personally or socially preferable to an
opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-
state of existence.
Value System
A hierarchy based on a ranking of an
individual’s values in terms of their intensity.
Importance
Importance of
of Values
Values
Provide understanding of the attitudes,
motivation, and behaviors of individuals and
cultures.
Influence our perception of the world around us.
Represent interpretations of “right” and “wrong.”
Imply that some behaviors or outcomes are
preferred over others.
Types
Types of
of Values
Values –-
–- Rokeach
Rokeach Value
Value Survey
Survey
Terminal Values
Desirable end-states of existence; the goals
that a person would like to achieve during his
or her lifetime.
Instrumental Values
Preferable modes of behavior or means of
achieving one’s terminal values.
Terminal
Terminal VS
VS Instrumental
Instrumental Values
Values
Dimensions
Dimensions of
of International
International Values
Values
Hofstede’s
Hofstede’s Framework
Framework for
forAssessing
Assessing Cultures
Cultures
Power Distance
The extent to which a society accepts that
power in institutions and organizations is
distributed unequally.
low distance: relatively equal distribution
high distance: extremely unequal
distribution
Hofstede’s
Hofstede’s Framework
Framework (cont’d)
(cont’d)
Individualism Collectivism
The degree to which A tight social
people prefer to act framework in which
as individuals rather people expect others in
than a member of groups of which they
groups. are a part to look after
them and protect
them.
Hofstede’s
Hofstede’s Framework
Framework (cont’d)
(cont’d)
Achievement
The extent to which societal values are
characterized by assertiveness, materialism
and competition.
Nurturing
The extent to which societal values
emphasize relationships and concern for
others.
Hofstede’s
Hofstede’s Framework
Framework (cont’d)
(cont’d)
Uncertainty Avoidance
The extent to which a society feels
threatened by uncertain and ambiguous
situations and tries to avoid them.
Hofstede’s
Hofstede’s Framework
Framework (cont’d)
(cont’d)
Long-term Orientation
A national culture attribute that emphasizes
the future, thrift, and persistence.
Short-term Orientation
A national culture attribute that emphasizes
the past and present, respect for tradition,
and fulfilling social obligations.