Chapter 1
The Nature of
mathematics
Learning Objectives:
[Link] Mathematics
[Link] different types of patterns
[Link] the importance of mathematics in one’s life
[Link] number pattern problems
5. Use Golden ratio in appreciating mathematics
Importance of mathematics
Have you ever wondered how well
jeepney drivers give you your change
when you hand them your fare? How
about when you buy a street food? Most
food vendors do not make a mistake in
giving you your change after buying a
grilled hotdog on a stick for example,
without even using calculators.
The heart of Mathematics is more than
just numbers, which many suppose to be
meaningless and uninteresting
What is mathematics?
- a set of problem solving tools
-an art
-a language
-a study of patterns
- a process of thinking
Study of patterns
Pattern – are regular ,repeated, or recurring forms or designs.
1. Logic patterns
2. Number patterns
3. Geometric patterns
4. Word patterns
Language
I. Propositions
a. truth value
b. connective
c. propositional function
II. Mathematical reasoning
a. Inductive
b. deductive
A study of pattern
A pattern is an arrangement which helps observes anticipate
what they might see or what happen next.
Here are examples of pattern –seeking behavior of human
from childhood to adulthood:
. A toddler separates blue blocks from red blocks.
. A kindergarten student learn to count.
. A first grader does skip counting.
. A third grader notices that multiples of two are even numbers
.
. A six grader creates patterns that cover a plane
.A junior high school student learns that as function is
essentially a pattern of how one number is transformed to
Logic patterns- logic patterns are usually
the first to be observed .
Number patterns- another class of patterns is a pattern of numbers.
Geometric pattern- a geometric pattern is motif or design that depicts abstract shapes like lines, polygons ,
and circles and typically repeats like a wallpaper.
Word pattern- patterns can also found in language like the morphological rules on pluralizing nouns or
conjugating verbs for tense.
Number Patterns
A sequence may be finite or infinite .The Fibonacci sequence is an infinite sequence. Number patterns may be :
1. Repeating patterns
example; 10,20,30,40,50,60….
[Link] patterns
examples;14,15,17,20,24,29….
[Link] patterns
examples; 118,98,73,43,8,-32 ….
EXERCISE 2;
Write the next three terms of the following;
1. 1,2,4,7,11,16,22,29,37 …
2. 6,10,22,58,166,490 …
3.
10,20,11,18,12,16,13,14,14,12,15
4. 100,99,97,94,90,85,79 …
…
5. 1,2,4,5,7,8,10 …
The Fibonacci
The Binet’s formula
Fibonacci sequence:
1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89 …
Exercise 3:
1. What is the 23th term of Fibonacci Sequence?
[Link] is the 16th term of Fibonacci sequence?
3. What is the 27th term of Fibonacci sequence?
The Golden Ratio
The ratio of two consecutive Fibonacci numbers as n
becomes larger, approaches the golden ratio; that is,
= 1.6180339887… this can be verified by measuring
some parts of the human body: the length of the arm,
height, the distance of the fingertips to the elbow.
According to Markowsky (1992), “the ratio of a
person’s height to the height of his or her navel is
roughly the golden ratio. We are not told why this is
significant; the navel is a scar of no great importance
in an adult human being.” You may verify this for
yourself. Did you get a value close to 1.6180339887
The Golden Ratio
The ratio between the forearm and the hand also yields a value close to
the golden ratio!
The Golden Ratio
Another name of golden ratio is divine proportion. This must be so
because human beauty is based on the divine proportion. The photo on
the next page illustrates the following golden ratio proportion in the
human face:
Center of pupil: bottom of teeth: bottom of chin
Outer and inner edge of eye: center of nose
outer edge of lips: upper ridge of lips
Width of center tooth : width of a second tooth
Width of eye: width of iris
The Golden Ratio is a special number which is approximately equal to 1.618034 … and may be used to find the nth term of Fibonacci sequence using the Binet’s formula. The 3 rd term of the
Fibonacci sequence is 2.
Exercise [Link] a group, and discover how golden ratio is evident on human body.
My Data: (in terms of centimeters)
Distance from your knees to the ground A= _____
Distance from your belly button to the ground B= ___
Distance from the top of your head to your belly button C=__
Distance from your wrist to the tip of your finger. D=___
Length of your arm E= ____
Your Height F =________
Get the ratio of the following and round off your answer to the nearest ten thousandths
1.B/A=
2.F/C=
3.E/D=
[Link] can you say about the ratios from 1-3?
[Link] the data from the members of the group.