Motion in One Dimension
Objectives
In this lesson, the students are expected to:
a. define motion;
b. distinguish between displacement and
distance;
c. explain the difference between speed and
velocity; and,
Objectives
In this lesson, the students are expected to:
d. relate speed, displacement, and time.
Learning Areas
In this lesson, the students are expected to:
1 Scalar
a. define and
force and Vector
motion; Quantities
2
b. Identify the different
Describing types of forces; and,
Motion
3 motion and force applied in daily-life
c. appreciate
Distance
between
the importance
vs. of the relationship
Displacement
4
situations.
Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration
Scalar and Vector
Quantities
Lesson 1 Motion in One Dimension HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Scalar Quantities
• are completely specified by magnitude
alone. They are described with single
number (including any units) indicating
size, magnitude, or dimension.
• Other common scalars are temperature,
mass, volume, time, speed and distance.
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Scalar Quantities
Symbol Name Example
D Distance 30 m
V Speed 50 m/s
T Time 15 s
E Energy 2 000 J
Legend : m =meter, s= second ,j =joules
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Vector Quantities
• are physical quantities that require both
magnitude and direction for their
specification.
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Vector Quantities
Symbol Name Example
___
X 30 m north
Displacement
___
y Velocity 50 m/s west
____
F Force 100 N up
___
Legend : NA = Newton
Acceleration 12 m/s2 down
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Describing Motion
Lesson 1 Motion in One Dimension HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Motion
• There must be a change in the position(x)
with respect to a reference point.
• A position or location must be specified
at all times from a reference point.
• A reference point is defined as the
starting point (origin) for measuring
motion.
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Motion
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Distance vs. Displacement
Lesson 1 Motion in One Dimension HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Distance
• is the total length travelled by an object or
person.
• If Peter walked from his house (reference
point) 50 m east and then walked back 20m
west, his total distance travelled is 70 m.
Remember that distance is a scalar quantity,
so only the magnitude matters. The standard
unit of distance in the SI system is the
meter (m).
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Distance
Mathematically, the distance Peter
travelled can be computed by simple
addition:
50m + 20m = 70m
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Displacement
• a vector that points from an object’s
initial position to its final
position .It is described by both
magnitude and direction. In symbols, this
can be written as
∆×= x
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Displacement
∆×= x
Where ×
The symbol (Greek letter delta) means
change in position. Thus, means the
difference between the final and the
initial position of the object.
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Speed and Velocity
Lesson 1 Motion in One Dimension HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Speed
• refers how far an object moves in a given
time interval. It indicates how fast an
object is moving without referring to the
direction of motion.
• Therefore, speed is a scalar quantity.
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Speed
• The average speed of an object is
defined as the distance travelled
divide by the time it makes the
object to travel the distance:
Average speed =
or ,in symbols v=
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Example 1
Hannah went running a distance of 120 m in
30 s. What was Hannah's’ average speed.
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Solution
v =
v =
v = 40 m/s
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Example 2
How far can a cyclist travel in 1.5 hours
(h) if the average speed is 12k/h?
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Formula
Velocity/average speed =
distance = vt
time =
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Solution
v =
d = vt
d = (12 k/h) (1.5 hours)
d = 18 km/h2
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Velocity
• To describe how fast an object moves
and the direction of its motion, the
vector concept of velocity is needed.
Velocity uses the concepts of
displacement (rather than distance
travelled) and time. In equation form
this can be expressed as:
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Velocity
In equation form this can be expressed as:
average velocity = displacement or, in symbols, v =
∆×/∆t
The SI unit used is meter per second (m/s). Other
units includes kilometers per hour (kph) and miles
per hour (mph).
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Example
What is the runner’s average velocity if
his position changes from 15m east to
40m east during a three-second time
interval?
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Solution
average velocity =
average velocity =
average velocity =
average velocity = 8.3m/s East
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Acceleration
Lesson 1 Motion in One Dimension HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Acceleration
An object has acceleration whenever there is a rate
of change in its velocity. The velocity of a
moving object may change in a number of ways:
1. by changing it’s speed;
[Link] changing it’s direction; or
[Link] changing both it’s speed and direction.
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Acceleration
Acceleration is defined as the change in
velocity divided by the time taken to make
this change:
average acceleration =
or, in symbols: a= ∆v/∆t
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Acceleration
• Acceleration is also a vector, and for one –
dimensional motion, a plus or minus sign is used to
indicate direction.
• On the other hand, deceleration is commonly
associated with a decrease in speed .Be careful
though: deceleration does not mean the acceleration
is necessarily negative .The SI unit for acceleration
is meter per second squared(m/s2).
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Example
A car acceleration from rest (0) to 8.5
kph in 6.2 s. What is its average
acceleration in m/s2
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.
Solution
average acceleration =
average acceleration =
average acceleration = 1.40 m/s2
Lesson 1 Microscope: Parts and Functions HOLY CHILD CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.