PRESENTATION ON

BOILERS

Omar Mohammed
Medical Engineering
What is Boiler?

“Boiler is an apparatus use to produce

steam.”

It is a device in which thermal energy released

by combustion of fuel is used to make steam at
the desired temperature and pressure.
Need Of Steam
The steam produced is used for:
1. Producing mechanical work by expanding it
in steam engine or steam turbine.
2. Heating the residential and industrial
buildings
3. Performing certain processes in the sugar
mills, chemical and textile industries.
Boiler Properties
• Safety
The boiler should be safe under operating
conditions.
• Accessibility
The various parts of the boiler should be
accessible for repair and maintenance.
• Capacity
Should be capable of supplying steam
according to the requirements
Efficiency
Should be able to absorb a maximum amount of
heat produced due to burning of fuel in the
furnace.
It should be simple in construction .

Its initial cost and maintenance cost should be

low.
The boiler should have no joints exposed to
flames.
Should be capable of quick starting and loading.
Classification Acc to Acc to position Acc to
Boilers

Acc to Acc to Acc to

Of
Flow of furnace position Application circulation Pressure

Water Externally Low

Vertical Stationary Natural
Tube Fired Pressure

Boilers Fire Tube

Internally
Fired
Horizontal

Inclined
Mobile Forced
Medium
Pressure

High
Pressure
 Boilers

Acc to
Acc to Acc to Acc to Acc to
Acc to Flow position of
furnace
principle axis Application circulation Pressure

Externally Low
Water Tube Vertical Stationary Natural
Fired Pressure

Internally Medium
Fire Tube Horizontal Mobile Forced
Fired Pressure

High
Inclined
Pressure
According to what flows in the TUBE

1. Water tube.
2. Fire tube.
Fire Tube Boiler
Boiler

Furnace Smokestack
Water Tube Boiler
MERITS OF WATER TUBE BOILERS
OVER FIRE TUBE BOILERS
1. Generation of steam is much quicker due to small
ratio of water content to steam content. This also
helps in reaching the steaming temperature in short
time.

2. Its evaporative capacity is considerably larger and

the steam pressure range is also high-200 bar.

3. Heating surfaces are more effective as the hot gases

travel at right angles to the direction of water flow.
DEMERITS
1. It is less suitable for impure and sedimentary water,
as a small deposit of scale may cause the overheating
and bursting of tube. Therefore, use of pure feed
water is essential.
2. They require careful attention. The maintenance
costs are higher.
3. Failure in feed water supply even for short period is
liable to make the boiler over-heated.
Advantages of fire tube boilers
1. Low cost
2. Fluctuations of steam demand can be
met easily
3. It is compact in size.
Water tube boilers are classified as

Water
Tube
Boilers

Horizontal Straight Bent Tube Cyclone Drum

Tube Boilers Boilers Boilers

Longitudinal Cross Two Three Low

Four
Head
Drum Drum Drum Drum Drum
Drum
In Detail
1. Cochran Boiler
2. Lancashire Boiler
3. Locomotive boiler
4. Babcock Wilcox Boiler
COCHRAN
BOILER
WORKING
Features
1. It is very compact and requires minimum
floor area
2. Any type of fuel can be used with this
boiler
3. Well suited for small capacity requirements
4. It gives about 70% thermal efficiency with
coal firing and about 75% with oil firing
Main parts ……
1. Pressure Gauge. This indicates the pressure of the
steam in the boiler.
2. Water Level Indicator. This indicates the water
level in the boiler .
3. Safety Valve. The function of the safety valve is to
prevent the increase of steam pressure in the holler
above its design pressure.
4. Fusible Plug. If the water level in the boiler falls
below a predetermined level, the boiler shell and
tubes will be overheated.
5. Blow-off Cock. The water supplied to the boiler
always contains impurities like mud, sand and, salt
Due to heating, these are deposited at the bottom of
the boiler, they have to be removed using blow off
cock.
6. Steam Stop Valve. It regulates the flow of steam
supply outside. The steam from the boiler first enters
into an ant-priming pipe where most of the water
particles associated with steam are removed
7. Feed Check Valve. The high pressure feed water is
supplied to the boiler through this valve. This valve
opens towards the boiler only and feeds the water to
the boiler.
LANCASHIRE

BOILER
About
It is stationary fire tube, internally fired,
horizontal, natural circulation boiler. This is a
widely used boiler because of its good steaming
quality and its ability to burn coal of inferior
quality. These boilers have a cylindrical shell 2 m
in diameters and its length varies from 8 m to 10
m. It has two large internal flue tubes having
diameter between 80 cm to 100 cm in which the
grate is situated. This boiler is set in brickwork
forming external flue so that the external part of
the shell forms part of the heating surface.
Working
Advantages
1. The feed pipe projecting into the boiler is
perforated to ensure uniform water distribution.
2. Its heating surface area per unit volume at the boiler
is considerably large.
3. Its maintenance is easy.
4. It is suitable where a large reserve of hot water is
needed. This boiler due to the large reserve capacity
can easily meet load fluctuations.
5. Super-heater and economizer can be easily
incorporated into the system, therefore; overall
efficiency of the boiler can be considerably
increased (80-85%).
LOCOMOTIVE
BOILER
About
Locomotive boiler is a horizontal fire tube
type mobile boiler. The main requirement
of this boiler is that it should produce
steam at a very high rate. Therefore, this
boiler requires a large amount of heating
surface and large grate area to burn coal
at a rapid rate. In order to provide the
large heating surface area, a large
number of fire tubes are setup and heat
transfer rate is increased by creating
strong draught by means of steam jet.
WORKING
Advantages
1. Large rate of steam generation per square
metre of heating surface. To some extent this
is due to the vibration caused by the motion.
2. It is free from brickwork, special foundation
and chimney. This reduces the cost of
installation.
3. It is very compact.

The pressure of the steam is limited to about 20 bar.

BABCOCK
WILCOX
BOILER
Working
Features
[Link] evaporative capacity of this boilers is high
compared with other boilers (20,000 to 40,000kg/hr).
The operating pressure lies between 11.5 to 17.5 bar.
[Link] draught loss is minimum compared with other
boilers.
3. The defective tubes can be replaced easily.
[Link] entire boiler rests over an iron structure,
independent of brick work, so that the boiler may
expand or contract freely. The brick walls which form
the surroundings of the boiler are only to enclose the
furnace and the hot gases.
Boiler Performance
1. Evaporative capacity
can be expressed in terms of:

a) kg of steam/hr

b) kg of hour/hr/m2 of heating surface

c) kg of steam/kg of fuel fired

2. Equivalent Evaporation
Evaporative capacity expressed in terms of mass of
water getting converted to steam doesn’t give a good
comparison

me= ma(h-hf)/hfg
3. Factor of evaporation
It is defined as the ratio of the heat received by 1 kg
of water at the working conditions to that received by
1 kg of water evaporated from and at 1000C

Fe = (h –hf)/2257 KJ
4. Boiler efficiency
Ratio of heat actually utilized in the generator to the
heat supplied by the fuel.

Efficiency= ma(h-hf)/C
Where C is the calorific value
THANK YOU