Mr. Ron P.

Agaloos
z

HYPOTHESIS TESTING
- Part 2

MAT 3 – STATISTICS & PROBABILITY Math & Physics Department

 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
z STEP 1:
Formulation of Null and Alternative Hypotheses

Identify the claim, then formulate the

Ho:
Ha:
 Formulate Ho and Ha

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

z
A medical practitioner would like to know whether traditional
medicine is less effective than modern medicine. (Use Form II)

Ho:
Traditional medicine is as effective as modern medicine.

Ha:
Traditional medicine is less effective as modern medicine.
 Formulate Ho and Ha

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

z
Suppose we want to know whether Face-to-face Learning
(physical) is as effective as the Online Learning (virtual) in
teaching high school Mathematics. (Use Form V)

Ho:
Face to face learning is as effective as Online Learning in
teaching HS Maths.

Ha:
Face to face learning is as not effective as Online Learning in
teaching HS Maths.
 Formulate Ho and Ha

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

z
A Statistics teacher wants to know whether the performance of
students in the morning session is better than those of
afternoon session. (Use Form I)

Ho:
The performance of students in the morning session is as good
as those in the afternoon session.

Ha:
The performance of students in the morning session is better
than those in the afternoon session.
 Formulate Ho and Ha

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

z
The average monthly income of Nurses in NCR is higher than
₱25,000. (Use Form IV)

Ho:
The average monthly income of Nurses in NCR is not higher
than ₱25,000.
OR
The average monthly income of Nurses in NCR is less than or
equal to ₱25,000.

Ha:
The average monthly income of Nurses in NCR is
higher than ₱25,000.
 z

The Symbol What It Means

< Less than

Fewer than
Lower than

≤ Less than or equal to

No more than
Does not exceed
At most

> Greater than

More than
Exceeds
Higher than

≥ Greater than or equal to

At least
No less than
Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
z
 Formulate Ho and Ha

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

z

The Food department wants to

know if the average working hours in
preparing meal is 3 hours.

Ho: µ = 3
The average working hours in preparing meal is 3 hours.

Ha: µ ≠ 3
The average working hours in preparing meal is not 3
hours.
 Formulate Ho and Ha

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

z
A teacher wants to know if there is a significant dissimilarity in
the performance task of STEM and ABM strand in Statistics
subject.
Let 1 = mean score obtained by STEM
2 = mean score obtained by ABM

Ho: 1 = 2
There is no significant dissimilarity in the performance task of
STEM and ABM strand in Statistics subject.

Ha: 1 ≠ 2
There is a significant dissimilarity in the performance task of
STEM and ABM strand in Statistics subject.
 Formulate Ho and Ha

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

z
The Discipline officer wants to know if the rules on tardiness has
reduced the number of late in the second semester than first
semester.
Let 1 = mean score obtained in the 1st semester
2 = mean score obtained in the 2 nd
semester

Ho: 1 = 2
The rules on tardiness has not reduced the number of late in
the second semester than first semester.

Ha: 1 ≠ 2
The rules on tardiness has reduced the number of late in the
second semester than first semester.
 Formulate Ho and Ha

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

z
The morning session has a better performance than the
afternoon session, in a recent examination in Statistics.

Let 1 = mean score obtained in the morning session

2 = mean score obtained in the afternoon session

Ho: 1 ≤ 2
The morning session did not perform better than the afternoon
session in a recent examination in Statistics.

Ha: 1 > 2
The morning session has a better performance than the
afternoon session in a recent examination in Statistics.
 Test the hypothesis

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

Thez teacher claims that the average grade of SHS students enrolled in Statistics
class is higher than 85 with a standard deviation of 7.8. A random sample of 250 students
are selected and found out that their mean is 81. The teacher is 95% confident in his
claim.

a) Formulate the Ho and Ha

b) Find α
c) Compute the value of statistical test

Ho: µ ≤ 85
The average grade of SHS students enrolled in Stats is not 85.

Ha: µ > 85
The average grade of SHS students enrolled in Stats is higher
than 85.
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
z

STEP 2:
Select the Level of Significance (α)
 Test the hypothesis

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

z
The teacher claims that the average grade of SHS students enrolled in Statistics
class is higher than 85 with a standard deviation of 7.8. A random sample of 250 students
are selected and found out that their mean is 81. The teacher is 95% confident in his
claim.

a) Formulate the Ho and Ha

b) Find α
c) Compute the value of statistical test

α = 0.05
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
STEP 3:
Determine the Test of Statistics to Use.
z

Consider the following:

1. Statistical test
2. Sample mean/s
3. Tailed-test

Then compute.
 Test the hypothesis

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

z
The teacher claims that the average grade of SHS students enrolled in Statistics
class is higher than 85 with a standard deviation of 7.8. A random sample of 250 students
are selected and found out that their mean is 81. The teacher is 95% confident in his
claim.

a) Formulate the Ho and Ha

b) Find α
c) Compute the value of statistical test

Given: n = 250 = 81
σ = 7.8
= 85
Test: z-test
Mean/s: 1-sample mean
Tailed-test: One-tailed test (since Ha is >)
 Test the hypothesis

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

z

Given: n = 250 = 81
σ = 7.8
= 85

Computation:

=
z = - 8.11
z = - 8.11
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
PREVIEW
z

Identify the region where a given value is

located.
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
z

-2.4 -1.90 -1.45 0.35 2.75

B z = - 2.4 A
z = -1.90 A
t = - 1.45
t = 2.75
t = 0.35 B C

Identify the region where each given value falls?

 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
STEP 4: Define the Area of Rejection or Critical Region
z

Rejection Region
- It is the region at far end of the distribution
- Also known as the Critical Region
- It is the area under the normal curve in which null hypothesis is
rejected based on the set condition (decision rule)
- Denoted by α

Critical value or Tabulated value (TV) - separates the area of rejection

and the area in which null hypothesis is not rejected under the
normal curve.
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
STEP 5: Compute the Value of the Statistical Test
z

This step is for the computation of the different tests

that will be used to test the hypothesis.

Computed value (CV) that will later compare with the Critical /
Tabulated value (TV)
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
STEP 6: Decision
z
Reject Ho or Do not to reject Ho then cite the level of
significance used in the study.

Decision Rule:
REJECT Ho – if the test statistic falls in the critical region
DO NOT REJECT Ho – if the test statistic falls in the
non-rejection region
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
TYPES of ERRORS in Hypothesis Testing
z
Type I Error – committed when the null hypothesis is true but
decided to go in contradiction. Denoted by α.
Type II Error – committed when the researcher decided to favor
a null hypothesis that is actually false. Denoted by β.

Decisions or making conclusion is very crucial in

statistical process.
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
z

Fails to reject Ho Reject Ho

(Do not reject / Accept)
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
Two - tailed test (Ha is ≠)
z
Example 1: Solution
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
One - tailed test (Ha is either < or >)
z

Non Rejection Region

Example 1: Solution
Example 1: Solution
Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
RULES TO FOLLOW:
z
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
STEP 7: Interpretation or Conclusion
z
State the appropriate conclusion. In addition, the conclusion
should be affirmed in the context of the problem and the level
of significance.

Example:
Based on the computed value of _______ equals to _____ which
is ________ the tabulated value of _______, using ___ level of
significance, hence __________ Ho. Therefore, _________________
________________________________________________________ .
This further implies that the claim is _______.

E
 ASYNCHRONOUS LEARNING

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

z
Try to Answer! (Assignment)
1. The teacher claims that the average grade of Grade 11 students enrolled in Statistics class is
equal to 85 with a standard deviation of 7.8. A random sample of 50 students are selected and
found out that their mean is 81. The teacher is 95% confident in his claim.
2. A Barangay Captain from a certain barangay in Valenzuela City claims that the average monthly
income of families with five members from his vicinity is higher than P12,000. But when the City
Statistics Office (CSO) conducted a survey to 100 families with five members, to his barangay
randomly they found out that they only have an average monthly income of 10,800 with a
standard deviation of 1,500. With this information the CSO assert that the claim is not true. Using
1% level of significance, test the claim of the Brgy. Captain.
3. A water-treatment plant claims that average pH level of their drinking water is 8.0. Based on 15
random water samples, the mean and the standard deviation were found to be = 7.6 and s =
0.4. Use 5% level of significance to test the claim.
4. The average IQ of the adult population is 100. A researcher believes the average IQ of adults is
lower than 100. A random sample of 5 adults are tested with a sample mean of 89, and sample
standard deviation is 15.81. Is there enough evidence to suggest the average IQ is lower? The
researcher is 99% confident in his claim.

MAT 3 – STATISTICS & PROBABILITY

 z

Synchronous Learning
End Session

Thank you.
Keep safe and have a nice day!