FIRE
SAFETY /
FIRE
FIGHTING
FIRE SAFETY
WHY IS THIS TRAINING IMPORTANT ?
01 Fire is the THIRD leading cause of
accidental Deaths.
02 Workplace fires and explosions kill 200
and injure more than 5000 workers each
year.
03 In 1995, more than 75,000 workplace
fire cost business more than $2.3 billion
COST OF ACCIDENT
Loss of Loss of Property
Disability Property Life Reputation Damage
Injury Loss Loss of Business Time Loss Govt. Fines
of Pay Job Interruption
COURSE LESSON PLAN
01 BASICS OF FIRE
02 FIRE TRIANGLE
03 FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT
04 FIRE PREVENTION AND
PROTECTION
05 DO’S AND DON’TS IN
EVACUATION
DO YOUH KNOW
ABOUT THE FIRE
& SAFETY ?
What
is
FIRE ?
Fire is a
Chemical Reaction
between the
THREE ELEMENTS.
WHICH THREE ELEMENTS ?
FUEL HEAT OXYGEN
FIRE
BASICS OF FIRE
For the Fire to Burn
• What percentage of oxygen is required?
•How much heat is required ?
Each substance has a specific ignition
temperature. The substance will start IGNITION
combustion/ burning only when it attains TEMPERATURE
its ignition temperature.
The ignition temperature of a OXYGEN HEAT
substance is the least temperature at
which the substance starts combustion.
• What type of fuel is required?
CHAINREACTION
FIRE FUEL SOLID , LIQUID , GAS
OXYGEN
HEAT + FUEL + OXYGEN HEAT FUEL
THE FIRE TRIANGLE
THE FIRE TRIANGLE
The Fire Triangle - as shown in the illustration,
oxygen and fuel in proper proportion can be
ignited by heat to create a fire
if any one of the three elements is removed a
fire cannot exist.
SOURCE OF ELEMENT
He
en
at
yg
Ox
• Sun
• Open flame
Fuel
Normal air contains 21% O2 • Welding
Fire need approx. 16% only • Cutting
• Grinding
• Chemical
• Electricity
• Mechanical friction
• Hot surface
SOLID LIQUID GAS
Wood Cloth Diesel Thinner Natural gas Hydrogen
Acetylene
Paper Leather Petrol Oil
Propane
Plastic Kerosene Butane
FIRE & SAFETY
WHAT IS THE METHOD OF
FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT ?
• SMOTHERING
• COOLING
• STARVATION
METHOD
SMOTHERING
• REMOVE OXYGEN -
oxygen can be removed
from a fire by displacing it
with a heavier than air gas
like CO2 . O2 flowing into
the fire can be also be
stopped by covering the
fire with a wet blanket or
cover the burning surfaces
with foam or sand.
METHOD
COOLING
• REMOVE HEAT - cooling
a fire calls for the
application of something
absorbs heat. Although
there are others, water is
the most common agent.
METHOD
STARVATION
• REMOVE FUEL - often
removing the fuel from a
fire is difficult &
dangerous. Shutting or
closing off the valves.
METHOD OF FIRE
EXTINGUISHMENT
COOLING
SMOTHERING
STARVATION
STOP CHAIN REACTION
CLASSIFICATION CLASS A CLASS B CLASS C
OF FIRE Solid Combustible
Material Like;
PAPER, WOOD,
Flammable Liquid
Like: PETROL,
DISEL , OIL ETC.
Electrical fire and
Flammable Gases
TEXTILE ETC.
CLASS D CLASS K
Combustible Metals like; Cooking Oil/Fats ,
SODIUM, POTASSIUM, like: DEEP FAT
LITHIUM FRY’ERS
"Class F" under
the European
and Australian
systems, and
"Class K" under
the American
system.
FIRE CLASSES
Fires involving ordinary
combustible materials, such as
CLASS ‘A’ wood, cloth, paper, plastic,
rubber, etc
Wood Cloth
Paper Rubber
Many Plastics
FIRE CLASSES
Fires involving flammable or
petroleum products such as
CLASS ‘B’ gasoline, oil, paints, thinners,
solvent, lubricating oils/greases
, the crude oil.
Gasoline Oil
Oil-
Grease
based
paint
Flammable liquid
FIRE CLASSES
Fires involving electrical
CLASS ‘C’ equipment
Energized
electrical
equipment
FIRE CLASSES
CLASS ‘C’
Flammable Gases
Oil
Grease
FIRE CLASSES
Fires involving combustible
metals such as magnesium ,
CLASS ‘D’ titanium, zirconium, sodium &
potassium
Magnesium Sodium
Potassium Titanium
Other flammable Matels
FIRE CLASSES
•Recently recognized by NFPA 10.
CLASS ‘k’ •Fires involving combustible
vegetable or animal non-saturated
cooking fats in commercial cooking
equipment
Cooking Media
WHAT
IS
FIRE
EXTINGUISHER ?
FIRE EXTINGUISHER ANATOMY
DISCHARGE LEVER PRESSURE GAUGE
(not found on CO2
extinguishers)
DISCHARGE LOCKING
PIN AND SEAL
CARRYING HANDLE
DISCHARGE HOSE
DATA PLATE
DISCHARGE NOZZLE BODY
DISCHARGE ORIFICE
HOW MANY
TYPES OF FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS
ARE THERE ?
WE ARE GENRALLY USE 4
TYPE’S OF FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS
ABC
CO2
WATER
FOAM
A Trash Wood Paper
A B C
B Liquids Grease
ABC / DCP TYPE
ABC Fire Extinguisher are suitable for class A. B & C./BC fires as well as
Electrical Fire. This is a versatile and multipurpose Fire Extinguisher and is
easily identifiable to use on any class of fire. The extinguisher contains Mono
Ammonium Phosphate / Sodium-bicarbonate based Dry Powder as
C Electrical Equipment
extinguishing medium and is pressurized with dry nitrogen gas. It is fitted
with pressure gauge and Its needle in green zone indicates the serviceability
of the extinguisher
8 – 25 SECOND TIME 15 BAR PRESSURE
9-50 kg. dry chemical Has pressure gauge to allow
(ammonium phosphate) visual capacity check.
pressurized to 50-200 psi by
nitrogen gas (8-25 seconds
discharge time).
ABC / DCP 5 – 20 FT DISTANCE
5-20 ft. maximum effective range.
SMOTHERING
Extinguishes by smothering
burning materials.
A Trash Wood Paper
A B
B Liquids Grease
FOAM TYPE
Foam Fire Extinguishers are suitable to fight burning solids such as
wood as well as liquid fires such as burning petrol. The foam has the
ability to creep over the burning liquid or to soak into burning materials such
as settees.
C Electrical Equipment
8 – 30 SECOND TIME 15 BAR PRESSURE
2 - 75 ltr. dry chemical Has pressure gauge to allow
(ammonium phosphate) visual capacity check.
pressurized to 50-200 psi by
nitrogen gas (8-30 seconds
FOAM TYPE
discharge time).
5 – 25 FT DISTANCE SMOTHERING
5-25 ft. maximum effective range. Extinguishes by smothering
burning materials.
A Trash Wood Paper
B C
B Liquids Grease
CO2 TYPE
Carbon Dioxide extinguishers are filled with non-flammable carbon
dioxide gas under extreme pressure. You can recognize a CO2
extinguisher by its hard horn and lack of pressure gauge. The pressure in the
cylinder is so great that when you use one of these extinguishers, bits of dry
ice may shoot out the horn.
C Electrical Equipment
8 – 30 SECOND TIME NO PRESSURE GUAGE
2.5-50 ltr. of CO2 gas at 150- Has NO pressure gauge--
200 psi (8-30 seconds capacity verified by weight
discharge time).
CO2 TYPE 3 – 8 FT DISTANCE
3-8 ft. maximum effective range •
SMOTHERING
Extinguishes by smothering
burning materials.
A Trash Wood Paper
A
B Liquids Grease
ABC / DCP TYPE
Water fire extinguishers have a red label and a class A rating. They are
suitable for fighting fires involving solid combustibles such as wood, paper
and textiles
C Electrical Equipment
UPTO 1 MIN 15 BAR PRESSURE
• 9 ltr. water at 150-175 psi (up Has pressure gauge to allow
to 1 minute discharge time). visual capacity check
• Can be started and stopped
as necessary
WATER TYPE 30 – 40 FT DISTANCE
30-40 ft. maximum effective range.
COOLING
Extinguishes by cooling burning
material below the ignition poi
D
METAL FIRE
A Class D fire is characterised by the presence of burning metals. Only
certain metals are flammable and examples of combustible metals include
sodium, potassium, uranium, lithium, plutonium and calcium, with the most
common Class D fires involve magnesium and titanium.
A few Class D fire extinguishers containing a sodium chloride dry
powder extinguishing agent are located in laboratories where combustible
metals are used (Note: Lithium fires require a copper extinguishing agent,
sodium chloride should not be used).
UPTO 1 MIN 15 BAR PRESSURE
• 2.5-50 kg. pressurized dry Has pressure gauge to allow
powder optimized for specific visual capacity check
combustible metal (also
available in bulk containers for
hand scooping onto fire to
extinguish).
METAL
Dry FIRE
Powder 6 – 8 FT DISTANCE
• 6-8 ft. maximum effective
SMOTHERING
• Extinguishes by smothering
range. burning materials.
DRY POWDER
Water, or any other extinguishing agent, cannot be used to extinguish Class D fires.
Water interacts with the combustible metal intensifying the fire, increasing the heat,
and spreading
molten metal.
Thus, one should always use a special extinguishing agent to tackle Class D fires.
Only Class D type fire extinguisher are suitable on combustible metal fires. The best
way to
extinguish these fires is by smothering them & eliminating the oxygen element.
The agent also
helps to absorb the heat from the fuel.
Ternary eutectic chloride (TEC) based dry powder is a specially formulated eutectic
mixture of 3
(ternary) salts for metal fires. TEC powder is suitable for fire risks from reactive metals
and their
alloys. These fire extinguishers comes with a specially designed Cast Aluminium nozzle
with
radial fins internally, which diffuses pressure to ensure the gentle application of
powder without
FIRE EXTINGUISHER OPERATION
P A
PASS
S S
PULL THE PIN
If you aim at the Until the fire is
flames (which is This depresses a completely out. Start
This will allow frequently the using the
button that
you to temptation), the
extinguisher from a
releases the safe
discharge the extinguishing pressurized distance away, then
extinguisher agent will fly right extinguishing move forward.
through and do no agent in the Once the fire is out,
good. You want to extinguisher. keep an eye on
hit the fuel. the area in case it re-
ignites.
P A S S
FIRE EXTINGUISHER OPERATION
HOW ARE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
IDENTIFIED ?
Fire extinguishers are identified
by a colour coding system.
(covering around 5% of the body)
ABC FOAM WATER CO2
STAGES OF FIRE
Initial Stage Blaze Stage
(0 Seconds to 10 Minutes) (Over 10 Minutes)
TIME FACTOR
Incipient Stage Blaze Stage
Class A 0 -10 Minutes Over 10 Minutes
Class B 0 -1 Minutes Over 1 Minute
Class C 0 - 30 Seconds Over 30 Seconds
Class D Leads To a Fire in Another Class of Fire
FIRE
FIGHTING
ARRANGEMENT
FIRE FIGHTING
PORTABLE FIXED FIRE FIGHTING
A fixed fire fighting system is a fire suppression,
“Portable fire systems” is the term control or extinguishing system for use as a fixed MOBILE
used to describe equipment that installation in a building to protect the whole or
can be carried to the site of the part of a building and/or the objects within. Mobile fire safety involves ensuring
fire, and is primarily used by onsite There are three main classes of fixed systems. fire safety equipment is readily
personnel as “first Response” Manual, automatic and automatic systems that can available and easily transportable in
equipment. Portables can also refer operated manually. In simple terms, hose reels are a settings that require it
to the following equipment: Fire drum on which a rubber hose that is permanently LIKE; Movable monitor, Tender,
Extinguishers. Fire Blankets. Fire connected to the building's water supply is attached. Movable extinguisher , trolley
Hose reels. Like; mountain extinguisher
Hydrant, Sprinkler, Fire Suppression
RULES OF FIRE
WHEN NOT TO FIGHT A FIRE
• Don’t fight the fire if you have adequate means of escape.
• Don’t fight a fire if gas cylinders are involved. Keep your distance.
• If a fire is too big (cannot be put out by a portable fire extinguisher)
back away. Try to contain fire.
• Remove any combustible material around fire if possible.
• Give the location of incident, type, size of fire to Fire Warden or
Fireman
RULES OF FIRE
Fires are very dangerous
• Be certain that you will not en danger
yourself or others when attempting to put out
a fire.
RULES OF FIRE
• Pull the Fire Alarm
• Call Fire Dept.
• Assist anyone danger
RULES OF FIRE
Never Fight a Fire if the fire is spreading rapidly
beyond the spot where it started
The time to use an extinguisher is in the incipient, or
beginning, stages of a fire. If the fire is already spreading
quickly, it is best to simply evacuate the building, closing
doors and windows behind you as you leave.
RULES OF FIRE
Never Fight a fire if you don't have adequate or
appropriate equipment
If you don't have the correct type or large enough
extinguisher, it is best not to try to fight the fire.
RULES OF FIRE
Never fight a fire if you might inhale toxic smoke
If the fire is producing large amounts of smoke that you
would have to breathe in order to fight it, it is best not to
try.
Gases from man made materials can be fatal in very
small amounts.
RULES OF FIRE
Never Fight a Fire if you don't know what is burning
If you don't know what is burning, you don't know what type of
extinguisher to use.
Even if you have an ABC extinguisher, there may be something in
the fire which is going to explode or produce highly toxic smoke.
RULES OF FIRE
Never fight a fire if your instincts tell you not to.
If you are uncomfortable with the situation for any reason,
just let the fire department do their job.
RULES OF FIRE
The final rule is to always position yourself with an exit
or means of escape at your back before you attempt to
use an extinguisher to put out a fire.
In case the extinguisher malfunctions, or something
unexpected happens, you need to be able to get out quickly,
and you don't want to become trapped. Just remember,
always keep an exit at your back.
RULES OF FIRE
When NOT to Fight a Fire!
• Remember to keep an exit
to your back
• Only fight a fire in the
incipient stage
ELECTRICAL
OVERLOADIN
G AND SHORT
CIRCUIT
SMOKING
IMPROPER
STORAGE
ARSON
KITCHEN/
PANTRY AREA
FIRE
Most Fire Deaths are NOT Burn Victims!
CAUSE OF
DEATH IN FIRES
-
SMOKE
- Hydrogen cyanide, hydrocyanic
acid
- Carbon monoxide
- Other toxic vapors
- Burns
- Trauma (non-burn).
ESCAPE FROM
SMOKE
IF YOU ARE IN A ROOM & ON THE OUTER SIDE IS FIRE & SMOKE, CLOSE ALL THE WINDOWS & PUT ONE
CLOTH BETWEEN THE DOOR & FLOOR
WHAT WE DO IN CASE OF SMOKE ??
IF THERE IS SMOKE, CRAWL LOW UNDER
THE SMOKE UNTIL YOU ARE OUTSIDE
– Fire causes smoke that is very dirty and it makes it hard to breathe
– Smoke rises to the ceiling then fills the room from the top to the bottom
– Stay low where the cleaner air is
FIRE
PREVENTION
• Be mindful of fire safety
• Strictly follow no smoking policy in building
• Do not overload electrical circuits
• Do not leave loose joints and cables
• Follow strict guidelines for storing of
combustible material
• Follow good housekeeping practices
• Switch off and unplug all non- essential
appliances when not in use or before leaving
office
STOP WORK
IMMEDIATELY
WHAT TO
DO IN CASE
DO OF
NOTFIRE ?
PANIC
SHOUT
FIRE!
FIRE!
FIRE !
WARN OTHER IF U SEE A
LEAVE FIRE AREA
ASSIST PERSON IN DANGER IF IT IS SAFE
TO DO
FOLLOW
EVACUATION
ROUTE
RISE THE
ALARM
by operating the fire alarm system
EXTINGUISH
THE FIRE
IF IT IS SAFE
TO DO SO
IF U CANT EVACUATE
SIGNAL YOUR POSITION AT WINDOW
WHAT TO DO
IN CASE OF FIRE
WHAT IF FIRE IS ON YOUR
BODY
Your clothing/body
catches on fire?
WHAT IF FIRE IS ON YOUR
BODY
GO TO HEADCOUNT
ASSEMBLY
AREA
CHECK IF
SOMEBOD
Y?
IS
MISSING ?
KEEP 30 MT
DISTANCE FROM
BUILDING
30 MT
FIRE PROTECTION
• Installation of fire detection and fire fighting
system in every area
• Integration of local fire panel with the master
fire panel of the building
• Regular fire safety audit
• Fire safety training with practices by mock drill
FIRE FIGHTING
EQUIPMENT
1)Extinguisher
2)Hose-reel-pipe
3)Fire bucket with water and
sand
4)Fire Ball
5)Wet Riser (For high rise
buildings)
FIRE FIGHTING
EQUIPMENT
(CONTINUED…
)
6)Fire tenders
7)Fire hydrant
system
8)Monitor
FIRE FIGHTING
EQUIPMENT
(CONTINUED…)
•Hand control branch
• FM-200 system
FIRE
SAFETY
PPE’S
• Proximity suit
• Fire suit
• Fire gloves
• Gum boot
(Heat
Resistant)
EVACUATIO
N
PHASES OF EVACUATION
Phase I - Early Warning
Phase II - Evacuation
Phase III - Search &
Rescue
Phase IV - Assembly
Phase
KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER DURING
EVACUATION
• Do not Panic
• Follow the exit sign
• Move towards unobstructed exit door
• Obey the instructions of your Zone ERT members
• Hold the railing
• Carry handicapped/injured person
KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER
(CONTINUED.....)
• Move in one Queue
• Leave space on one side of staircase
for handicapped/victim/fire fighters
• Reach directly at assembly point
• Assemble at safe assembly area in
queue
EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM
INCIDENT
FIRE FIGHTING CONTROLLER EARLY
TEAM WARNING
TEAM
FIRST AID EVACUATION
TEAM TEAN
SECURITY &
SEARCH &
ASSEMBLY
RESCUE TEAM
TEAM
RESPONSIBILITIES OF ERT
1) ERT should immediately get
activated after hearing warning.
2) Immediately determine location of fire.
3) Carry out evacuation with the
help of designated people.
4) Direct evacuees to the nearest unobstructed
fire exits.
CONTINUED.......
5) Assist disabled persons out of the building.
6) Do not use the elevators.
7) Assemble at designated assembly point.
8) Report to emergency controller at the assembly
point .
9) Stay clear of building.
10)Do not re-enter the building until advised.
ASSEMBLY AREA DISCIPLINE
• Facilitate head count
• Avoid gossips
• Stand in Queue
• Give attention to speaker and ERT
leader/controller
• Inform about missing colleagues
• Arrange attendance register
• Do head count quickly
• Stay there till the ALL clear advise
SEARCH
METHODOLOGY
• Bottom-up/top-down for a multi-
story building
• Right wall/left wall for a single
floor
• Stop frequently to listen
PRECAUTION DURING
RESCUE
• Put on all safety gears
• Always work in pairs
• Bring along a torch
• Attach a life line to the rescuer
• Take extra care when using edged tools
• Ensure the proper placement of the feet for the selected techniques
• The correct method of lifting and gripping must be adhered
Which three components are needed to start a fire?
?
A) Oxygen, water, and fuel
B) Fuel, ignition, and oxygen
C) Fuel, carbon dioxide, and time
D) Ignition, carbon dioxide, and
TO OPERATE A FIRE EXTINGUISHER , FOLLOW THE
•A) RACE •B) PASE
•C) PASA •D) PASS
EXTINGUISHER TYPE ?
WHATS WRONG HERE
HOSE
WHICH TYPE
FIRE
EXTINUISHER
APPLY ON
THAT?
A) WATER B) FOAM
C) POWDER D) CO2
WHICH TYPE
FIRE
EXTINUISHER
APPLY ON
THAT?
A) WATER B) FOAM
C) POWDER D) CO2
WHICH TYPE
FIRE
EXTINUISHER
APPLY ON
THAT?
A) WATER B) FOAM
C) POWDER D) CO2
The available fire extinguisher
can only be used for a duration
of:
A. 30 - 40 seconds
B. 3 - 4 minutes
C. 15 - 20 seconds
D. 1 - 2 hours
How to put the fire out?
A. Cooling
B. Starvation
C. Smothering
D. All of the above
Wood, Plastic & Paper Are Classified
A. Class A
C. Class C
B. Class B
D. Class D
THANK YOU