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Satellite Communication 18ec732
Satellite Satellite telephony networks employ
Telephony point- to-point duplex satellite links
enabling simultaneous communication in
both the directions
Single GEO satellites or a constellation
of LEO, MEO and GEO satellites are used
for providing telephony services.
Telephone satellite links generally employ
circuit-switched systems offering a constant
bit rate services
Some of the major systems
offering satellite voice Intelsat,
Eutelsat, services are Iridium,
Inmarsat,
ICO, Ellipso and Odyssey systems.
Globalstar,
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Satellite Telephony
[Link] user lifts the receiver when he or she wants to make a call. This sends a request to the local Earth station, which
in turn sends a service request to the master station.
Local ES
2. If the master station is able to provide the satellite capacity, it sends a
confirmation signal to the local Earth station, resulting in a dial tone in
the telephone instrument. Master
ES
3. The user then dials the destination number, which is transferred to the Control
control station, which determines the destination Earth station and station
signals it that a connection needs to be established.
4. The destination Earth station then signals the called party of the incoming call by
ringing that telephone instrument.
Dest ES
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Satellite Telephony
5. The satellite capacity is allocated to the
connection and the telephone link is established once the called
party lifts the handset.
6. Once the conversation is over, the calling party hangs up
the receiver, hence indicating to the local Earth station to terminate
the call.
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Point-to-Point Trunk Telephone Networks
Trunk telephony services come under the domain of fixed satellite services (FSS),
mainly utilizing C and Ku bands.
Generally, GEO satellites are utilized for providing these services.
Intelast, Europestar, Eutelsat, PamAmSat are examples of some of the satellites used
for the purpose.
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Mobile Satellite Telephony
One of the important services provided by mobile satellite services (MSS) is the interactive voice
communication to mobile users.
MSS satellites launched in the periods 1980–1990 and 1990–1998 were GEO satellites, categorized as
Generation-I and Generation-II satellites respectively,
Third generation mobile satellites, comprising constellations of LEO, MEO, HEO and GEO satellites,
provide voice and multimedia services to mobile and hand-held terminals.
The third generation mobile satellite services have entered the realm of personal communications and are also
referred to as global mobile personal communication services (GMPCS)
GMPCS is a personal communication system providing transnational, regional or global two-way voice,
fax, messaging, data and broadband multimedia services from a constellation of satellites accessible with
small and easily transportable terminals
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There are several different types of GMPCS
systems:
GEO systems small LEO systems big LEO systems
MEO systems HEO systems and
broadband GMPCS systems.
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Satellite
Television Satellite television employs GEO satellites acting
as point-to-multipoint repeaters receiving a certain
telecast from the transmission broadcasting
center and retransmitting the same after frequency
translation to the cable TV operators, home dishes,
etc., lying within the footprint of the satellite.
Satellites can provide TV programmes either directly
to the users (direct-to-home television)
or
indirectly with the help of cable networks or
terrestrial broadcasting networks, where the satellite
feeds the signal to a central operator who in turn
transmits the programmes to the users either using cable
networks or through terrestrial broadcasting
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A typical satellite TV network, like any other satellite
network, can be divided into two sections:
the uplink section
the downlink section.
The uplink section comprises three main components:
the programming source,
the broadcasting center,
the main broadcasting satellite
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The programming source comprises
TV channel networks,
cable TV programmers, etc.,
that provide various TV signals, like
programming TV channels,
sports coverage,
news coverage
or local recorded TV
programmes,
to the broadcasting centre either through terrestrial
means,
like using the line-of-sight microwave communication
and
the fiber optic cable, or using satellites referred to as back-
haul satellites.
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The satellite downlink comprises the main broadcasting
satellite
and the TV receiving network.
Satellite–Cable Television
Direct-to-Home Satellite Television
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Satellite–Cable Television
cable TV refers to the use of coaxial and fiber optic cables to
connect each house through a point-to-multipoint distribution
network to the head end distribution station. Cable TV,
originally referred to as CATV (community antenna television)
The head end in this case consists of various receive-only Earth
stations with the capability of receiving telecast from two to six
satellites.
These Earth stations either have multiple receiving antennas or, a
single dish antenna with multiple feeds, with each feed so
aligned as to receive telecast from a different satellite.
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Satellite–Cable Television
The transmission from the satellite is either in the analogue
format (mainly in the C band) or in the digital format
(mainly in the Ku band).
This processed digital or analogue information is then
transmitted over a typical cable distribution network to a
large number of houses known as subscribers, who pay a
monthly fee for the service.
The cable operators scramble their programmes to
prevent unauthorized viewing.
The receiving end then consists of a set top box to descramble
and retrieve the original signal.
The cable TV operators also transmit the videotaped
recorded programmes from other sources in addition to showing
programmes received from the satellites.
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Satellite–Cable Television
Satellite–Local Broadcast TV Network
Here the satellite distributes
programming to local terrestrial
broadcasting stations instead of distributing it to the
cable head end stations
The broadcasting stations use powerful antennas to
transmit the received signals to various users within the
line-of-sight (50–150 km) using UHF and VHF
microwave bands
The users receive these TV signals using
directional antennas like yagi antennas, reflector
antennas or dipole antennas
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Satellite–Cable Television
Direct-to-Home Satellite Television
Direct-to-home (DTH) satellite television refers to the
direct reception of satellite TV programmes by the end
users from the satellite through their own receiving antennas
DTH services can be broadly classified into two types, namely
the television receive-only (TVRO) and the direct
broadcasting satellite (DBS) services, depending upon the
frequency band utilized and the size of the receiving antennas.
TVRO systems operate in the C band whereas the DBS
systems
operate in the Ku band
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Satellite–Cable Television
Television Receive-Only (TVRO) Services Direct Broadcasting Satellite (DBS) Services
TVRO systems employ large dishes (6 to 18 feet The DBS service uses high powered Ku band satellites
across) placed in the user’s premises for the reception of that send digitally compressed television and audio
analogue signals from the satellite operating in the C signals to relatively small (45–60 cm across) fixed
band satellite dishes
Generally, each C band transponder provides one
analogue TV channel, and hence a satellite DBS satellites transmit signals to Earth in the BSS
with 16 such transponders will be able to support segment of the Ku band (between 12.2 and 12.7 GHz),
only 16 TV channels. making use of MPEG-2 (Moving Picture Experts
Group) digital compression techniques
These systems are made user friendly by
using microprocessor control, allowing the viewer to The channel capacity per transponder is five to
select the desired channel with a remote control unit. twelve channels depending upon the data rate and the
compression parameters, and hence they can provide
The antenna then moves automatically using about 200 channels from one satellite.
electronic
control methods to point to the desired satellite.
TVROs are based on open standard equipment and
provide
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Satellite–Cable
Television
There are no free channels available on DBS systems. DBS
systems are easy to install and are cheaper as compared to
TVRO systems have better picture quality than DBS
or digital cable systems, which tend to use larger amounts TVRO systems.
of digital signal compression.
Some of the DBS service providers include
DirecTV, Echostar, PrimeStar of the USA, TataSky and
DishTV of India and Star Choice of Canada.
The FCC has allocated eight orbital slots at 61.5, 101, 110,
148, 157, 166 and 175 west longitude GEO locations
for DBS systems
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Direct-to-Home Satellite
Television
Block schematic for the outdoor unit
(ODU)
Block schematic for the indoor unit (IDU)
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Satellite Radio
A satellite providing high fidelity audio broadcast services to the broadcast radio stations referred to as a
is
satellite radio and is a major revolution in the field of radio systems.
Sound quality is excellent in this case due to a wide audio bandwidth of 5–15 kHz and low noise
provided over the satellite link.
Satellite radio like the satellite TV employ GEO satellites and the network arrangement for the satellite radio is
more or less identical to that used for TV broadcasting.
Using point-to-multipoint connectivity, the audio signals from various music channels, news and sports centres
are transmitted by the satellite to a conventional AM or FM radio station.
The signal is then de-multiplexed and the local commercials and other information is added here in the same
way as in a TV network and then sent to the users using terrestrial broadcasting topology.
The satellite can also transmit the signal directly to the user’s radio sets.
Some of the major providers of satellite radio services include Sirius and XM Radio of the USA.
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VSATs (Very Small Aperture Terminals)
are used for providing one-way or two-way data broadcasting services, point-to-point voice services and one-way
video broadcasting services.
VSAT networks are ideal for centralized networks with a central host and a number of geographically dispersed
terminals
Typical examples are small and medium businesses with a central office, banking institutions with
branches all over the country, reservation and airline ticketing systems,
VSATs suffer from a major problem of delay between transmission and reception of data (around 250
ms) due to the use of GEO satellites.
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most VSAT systems operate in the Ku
band with the antenna diameter of the
Earth stations being as small as 1 to 2 m.
VSAT networks can transmit at a rate of
64–1024 kbps (64 kbps per remote terminal)
in the outbound direction and
64–256 kbps (1.2 to 16 kbps per remote
terminal) in the inbound direction.
VSAT networks generally support data, video
and voice services in the outbound direction
and
only data and voice services in the
inbound direction
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VSAT Network
Topologies
bidirectional star Mesh networks
Unidirectional star
networks networks
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National Satellite Systems
National satellite systems, also referred to as domestic satellite systems, provide services to a particular country
INSAT (Indian National Satellite)
Owned by the Indian Department of Space, named the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), INSAT is
one of the largest domestic communication satellite networks in the world, providing services in the areas of
telecommunications, television broadcasting, mobile satellite services and
meteorology including disaster warning
INSAT is a joint venture of the
Department of Space (DOS),
Department of Telecommunications (DOT), Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), All India Radio (AIR)
and
Doordarshan.
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