What is Unity?

Unity means single idea.

-Unity in writing is the connection all
ideas to a single topic.
-In an essay all ideas should relate to the
thesis statement, and the supporting
ideas in a main body paragraph should
relate to the topic sentence.
-For example, if your essay is about the
advantages of nuclear power, discuss
only that. Do not discuss about the
disadvantages.
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 Keeping Unity in an
Essay
One way to keep unity in an essay is to
-edit the outline for ideas that are not
relevant to the thesis statement or
topic sentence.
-review the text and look for ideas that
do not relate to the thesis statement or
the topic sentence.

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 What is Coherence?
Coherence is related to unity. Ideas
that are arranged in a clear and logical
way are coherent. The purpose of
coherence is to make the readers can
easily understand the main points.

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 How to Make Our Essay
Coherence?
When organising your ideas, think about what type of
organisation is the best for your topic or essay type. Here
are some examples of types of writing and good ways to
organise them

Type of Writing Type of Organisation

Order by time or order of events/
Chronology
steps
Order by position, size, and shape of
Description
things
Group of ideas and explain them in a
Classification
logical order
Organise in point-by-point or block
Comparison/ Contrast
style
Argumentation/ persuasion/ Order from least important to most
cause effect important

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 How to Make Our Essay
Coherence?
Cohesive Devices
Cohesive devices are words and phrases that connect sentences and paragraphs together,
creating a smooth flow of ideas. Here are three kinds of cohesive devices that can be used:
transition signals
1.
pronoun references
2.
repetion of key noun
3.

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 How to Make Our Essay
Coherence?
Cohesive Devices (Transition Signals)
Transition signals can be categorized into three groups by grammatical function. The three groups
are:
[Link] connectors (including transition phrases and conjunctive adverbs) ,
[Link] connectors (including coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions), and
[Link] group called others.

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 How to Make Our Essay
Coherence?
Cohesive Devices (Transition Signals)
Clause Connectors
Meaning/ Sentence Others (Adjectives,
Function Connectors Coordinators Subordinators Verbs, and Prepositions)

To introduce similar also and another

additional idea besides nor an additional
furthermore (“and not)
in addition
moreover
too
To compare things also and as as ... as
likewise both ... and just as like/ alike
similarly not only ... but also just like
too neither ... nor similar to
be alike
be similar
To introduce an however but although despite
opposite idea, and in contrast yet even though in spite of
to contrast things instead though compared to/ with
in/ by comparison whereas be different (from)
nevertheless while be dissimilar
nonetheless be unlike
on the other hand differ (from)
on the contrary
still
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 How to Make Our Essay
Coherence?
Cohesive Devices (Transition Signals)
Clause Connectors
Meaning/ Sentence Others (Adjectives,
Function Connectors Coordinators Subordinators Verbs, and Prepositions)

To introduce an for example such as

example for instance an example of
To emphasize in fact

To explain and indeed

restate that is

To introduce an otherwise or if
alternative unless

To signal first, second, etc. after the first, the second

chronological first of all as the next, the last, the final
order then, next as soon as before lunch
now, then, soon before after the war
last finally since since ....
meanwhile until in the year ...
gradually when
after that while
since then

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 How to Make Our Essay
Coherence?
Cohesive Devices (Transition Signals)
Clause Connectors
Meaning/ Sentence Others (Adjectives,
Function Connectors Coordinators Subordinators Verbs, and Prepositions)

To indicate above all a more important

order of first and the most important
importance foremost the second most
more/ most significant
importantly/ the primaily
significantly
primarily

To introduce a for because result from

cause or reason since be the result of
as due to
because of
the effect of
the consequence of
as a result of
as a consequence of
To introduce an accordingly So result in
effect or result as a result cause
as a have an effect on
consequence affect
consequently the cause of
hence, thus
[Link] the reason for
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therefore
 How to Make Our Essay
Coherence?
Cohesive Devices (Transition Signals)
Clause Connectors
Meaning/ Sentence Others (Adjectives,
Function Connectors Coordinators Subordinators Verbs, and Prepositions)

To conclude all in all, It is clear that ...

in brief, We can see that ...
in conclusion, The evidence suggets that
in short, ...
in summary, These examples show
indeed, that ...

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 How to Make Our Essay
Coherence?
Cohesive Devices (Pronoun References)

Two sentences can be connected by the use of

pronoun. A pronoun (he, she, it, they, etc.)
takes the place of a noun (a person, place,
thing, or idea) or noun phrase (several words
that refer to a person, place, thing, or idea).
Example:
Gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion.
Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins, and
ornamental puposes.

The pronoun it refers back to the subject,

Gold, and connects the two sentence
together.
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 How to Make Our Essay
Coherence?
Cohesive Devices (Repetition of Key Noun)

Another way to connect ideas in an essay is by

repeating important words and phrases. This
will help the reader remember the main ideas
in the text.
Example:
Modern medicine focuses on illness. If a patient with
a cough visits a modern doctor, then the doctor will
give the patient a medicine to stop the cough. If the
patient also has a fever, the doctor may give a
different medicine to stop the fever. For every
person with a cough, the doctor will probably
recommend the same cough medicine. The
philosophy of modern medicine is to stop problems
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like coughing and fever as quickly as possible. 13
 How to Make Our Essay
Coherence?
Cohesive Devices (Repetition of Key Noun)

Another way to connect ideas in an essay is by

repeating important words and phrases. This
will help the reader remember the main ideas
in the text.
Example:
Modern medicine focuses on illness. If a patient
with a cough visits a modern doctor, then the doctor
will give the patient a medicine to stop the cough.
If the patient also has a fever, the doctor may give a
different medicine to stop the fever. For every
person with a cough, the doctor will probably
recommend the same cough medicine. The
philosophy of modern medicine is to stop problems
[Link]
like coughing and fever as quickly as possible. 14
 How to Make Our Essay
Coherence?
Cohesive Devices (Repetition of Key Noun)

Another way to connect ideas in an essay is by

repeating important words and phrases. This
will help the reader remember the main ideas
in the text.
Example:
Modern medicine focuses on illness. If a patient
with a cough visits a modern doctor, then the doctor
will give the patient a medicine to stop the cough.
If the patient also has a fever, the doctor may give a
different medicine to stop the fever. For every
person with a cough, the doctor will probably
recommend the same cough medicine. The
philosophy of modern medicine is to stop problems
[Link]
like coughing and fever as quickly as possible. 15
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