MEAFM 304
Research Methodology and Statistics
AUTHORS (ENGLISH )
1-Dr. [Link], Research Methodology – Methods and Techniques
2-Dr. RITA JAIN , Research Methods in Business Management
3- [Link], Research Methodology
4- BUSINESS STATISTICS,RBD
Dr. RICHA SINGHAL
SYLLABUS
UNIT-I
• Research: Definition, nature and scope, Types of Research, criteria of good research. Methods or techniques of
Research
UNIT II
• Research Process
• Problem Selection and Formulation
• Formulation of Hypothesis
• Research Designs (Types, prepare)
• Sampling Techniques
• Data Collection and Analysis
UNIT III
• Statistical Techniques:
• Measures of Central Tendency; Mean, Median and Mode;
• Measures of Dispersion: Range, Mean Deviation, Standard Deviation;
• Correlation.
• Regression
• Chi-square Test, ‘T’ test
• Index Numbers
• Reporting research.
RESEARCH
• DEFINITION
• CHARACTERISTICS/ CRITERIA OF GOOD RESEARCH
• OBJECTIVES
• TYPES
• NATURE
• SCOPE
• IMPORTANCE
• METHHODS/ TECHNIQUES
Definition and Characteristics/ Criteria of Good Research
• Research is a systematic process of collecting and analysing information to
increase our understanding of the phenomenon under study.
• शोध द्वारा किसी एक निश्चित समस्या का वस्तुपरक तथा क्रमबद्ध तरीके से हल
खोजने का प्रयत्न किया जाता है।इस प्रकार शोध का उद्देश्य अनुत्तरित प्रशनों
के उत्तरों की वैज्ञानिक प्रणाली के द्वारा उपयुक्त उत्तरों की खोज करना है।
• Logic and objectivity तर्क एवम् निष्पक्षता
• Reliability and Verification विश्वसनीय एवम् सत्यापन
• Validity वैधता
• Accuracy सटीकता
• Impartiality अपक्षपतपूर्ण
• Scientific Approach वैज्ञानिक दृष्टिकोण
• Recording and Reporting प्रतिवेदन एवम् लेखन
• Systematic enquiry व्यवस्थित दृष्टिकोण
• Critical Investigation आलोचनात्मक अनुसंधान
• Analytical विश्लेषणनात्मक
• Generalizability सामान्यता
• Replicable पुनः प्रयोज्य
Nature of Research आर्थिक अनुसंधान की
प्रकृति
• Related to Economical Context आर्थिक संदर्भ से संबंधित
• Investigation of economical facts आर्थिक तथ्यों का अन्वेषण
• Explanation of cause effect कार्य कारण संबंधों का
स्पष्टीकरण
• Control over phenomena आर्थिक प्रघटनाओं पर नियंत्रण
• Testing of theories आर्थिक सिद्धांतों की जांच करना
• Disclosing motivators of phenomena आर्थिक प्रघटनाओं के
प्रेरक बताना
• Discovering the research techniques अनुसंधान की
पद्धतियां ढूंढना
OBJECTIVES
• Develop new insight into a phenomenon . एक घटना में नयी अंतर्द्रस्ति विकसित
करना।
• Review and synthesize the existing knowledge मौजूदा ज्ञान की समीक्षा एवं
संशलेषण करना।
• To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or group.
• Develop new Theory. नऐ सिद्धान्त विकसित करना।
• Generalize the principles सिद्धान्तों का सामान्यीकरण।
• Determine relationship between two variables. दो चरों के बीच संबंध स्थापित करना।
• Explore causes And expected remdies of problems. समस्याओं के कारण एवं उचित
निवाकरणों का अन्वेषण करना।
• INDIVIDUAL OBJECTIVES व्यक्तिगत उद्देश्य
• Self- knowledge expansion स्व ज्ञान में वृद्धि
• Employment and promotion रोजगार एवम् उन्नति
• For social welfare समाज सेवा की दृष्टि से
• For self satisfaction through creative functions रचनात्मक कार्य करके संतुष्टि
• For success in business. व्यवसाय में सफलता
Types of Research शोध के प्रकार
• A) On the basis of “NATURE” प्रकृति के आधार पर
• 1- Exploratory अन्वेषणात्मक
• 2- Descriptive विवरणात्मक
• 3- Correlational सह सम्बन्ध
• 4- Experimental प्रयोगात्मक
• 5- Explanatory विश्लेषणात्मक
• B) On the basis of ‘OBJECTIVES’ उद्देश्य के आधार पर
• 1- Fundamental (pure/ Basic )मौलिक सेधांतिक
• 2- Applied व्यावहारिक
• 3- Action क्रिया
• C) On the basis of ‘LOGIC’ तर्क के आधार पर
• 1- Deductive वियोजक
• 2- Inductive प्रेरक
• D) On the basis of ‘Process’ प्रक्रिया के आधार पर
• 1- Quantitative मात्रात्मक (one-to-one interview, focus groups, ethnographic research,
case study)
• 2- Qualitative गुणात्मक(
• C) On the basis of ‘Inquiry mode’
• 1- Structured
• 2- Unstructured
• D) On the basis of ‘Concept’
• 1- Conceptual
• 2- Emperical (experimental)
RESEARCH PROCESS- A Research process consists of series of
action or steps necessary to effectively carry out research and
the desired sequencing of these steps.
RESEACH PROBLEM
• According To Kerlinger, “A problem is an interrogative sentence or
statement that asks what relation exists between two or more variable.
The answer to question will provide what provide what is having sought
in the research.
• The subject on which research work has been overdue should not be
chosen, because it will be a difficult task to throw any new light.
• The problem should neither be too narrow nor too vague.
• The topic of the research should be familiar and feasible so that the
researcher can easily have an access to related research materials or
source of research.
• Controversial subject should be avoided while selecting a research
problem.
• The researcher should also take into account the various factors such
as the importance of subject, the qualifications, the training of the
researcher, the investment elements in the research in terms of time,
Formulation of Research Problem
1
• SELECTION OF A RESEARCH AREAS
• REVIEWING THE LITERATURE &
2 THEORIES
3
• DELIMITING THE RESEARCH TOPIC
• EVALUATING THE RESEARCH
4 PROBLEM
5
• FORMULATING FINAL STATEMENT
A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the
critical points of knowledge on a particular topic of
research.
Sources
Points to be considered for literature review
• 1- be specific
• 2- be selective
• 3- Focus of current topics
• 4- Ensure evidence for claims
• 5- focus on sources of evidence
• 6- No contrary evidence
• 7- Reference citation
• 8-Avoid abbreviations
• 9- Simple & acurate sentence structure.
Formulate Hypothesis
Hypothesis formulation helps in formulating the research problem.
A properly formulated hypothesis helps in drawing proper and
reasonable conclusions.
• It provides clarioty to the research problem and research
objectives.
• It describes, explains or predicts the expected results or outcome
of the research.
• It indicates the type of research design.
• It directs the research study process.
• It identifies the population of the research study that is to be
investigated or examined.
• It facilitates data collection, data analysis and data interpretation.
A research design is the logical systematic planning
and directing a piece of research.
COLLECTION OF DATA
• It is the process of gathering and measuring information on
variables of interest, in an established systematic manner
that enables one to answer stated research questions, test
hypotheisis and evaluate outcomes.
• PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION
• SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION
ANALYSIS OF DATA (TESTING
HYPOTHESIS)
• To answer the research questions and to help determine
the trends and relationships among the variables.
Process the data
Prepare tables and graphs
Analyse and interpret findings
Consult again the statistician
Prepare for editing
Prepare for publication
INTERPRETATION AND REPORTING
• Interpretation refers to the task of drawing inferences from
the collected facts after an analytical and experimental
study.
• Logical analysis of the subject matter
• Preparation of the final outline
• Preparation of the rough draft
• Rewriting and polishing
• Preparation of the final bibliography
• Writing the final draft.