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1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
PHP& Network
Physical Layer –
Part 2
Modulation
Modulation
Modulation
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1. 1. Reduction in the height of antenna
2. Digital signal distorted on analog
media
3. Poor Radiation/Strength of signal
4. Multiplexing
Modulation
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For proper transmission & reception through antenna minimum height of antennal
must be λ/4
where c : is the velocity of light
where λ is the wavelength . λ = c /f f: is the frequency of the signal to be transmitted
To transmit a signal of f = 10 kHz and
c ( velocity of light)=3 x 108
minimum antenna=?
Modulation
Database
PHP
For proper transmission & reception through antenna minimum height of antennal
must be λ/4
where c : is the velocity of light
where λ is the wavelength . λ = c /f f: is the frequency of the signal to be transmitted
To transmit a signal of f = 10 kHz and
c ( velocity of light)=3 x 108
minimum antenna=?
Modulation
Modulation
Modulation
Database
PHP
2. Digital signal distorted on analog
media
3. Poor Radiation/Strength of signal
4. Multiplexing
Types Database
of Analog Modulation
PHP
Carrier signal
Same sinusoidal waveform but frequency of the carrier signal is higher than the message signal.
increases the frequency of the message signal.
incoming message signal is low frequency
Types Database
of Analog Modulation
PHP
Carrier signal
• Same sinusoidal waveform but frequency of the carrier
signal is higher than the message signal.
• increases the frequency of the message signal.
• incoming message signal is low frequency
Phase
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Position of waveform at a given time, measure in degree of shit 0 PHP
Changes in phase can be any number of angles
Modulation
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Digital Modulation
Types Database
of Analog Modulation
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Figure 5.3 ASK
Types Database
of Analog Modulation
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Figure 5.6 FSK
Phase Modulation
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PKS have only two signal elements,
•One with a phase of 00
•Other phase of 1800
1 amplitude, 4 phase
Modulation
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Figure 5.10 The 4-PSK method
1 amplitude, 4 phase
Modulation
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Figure 5.10 The 4-PSK method
1 amplitude, 4 phase
Modulation
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Figure 5.10 The 4-PSK method
1 amplitude, 4 phase
Modulation
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Figure 5.10 The 4-PSK method
1 amplitude, 4 phase
Modulation
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Figure 5.10 The 4-PSK method
1 amplitude, 4 phase
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Figure 5.10 The 4-PSK method
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Figure 5.12 The 8-PSK characteristics
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Figure 5.12 The 8-PSK characteristics
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Figure 5.12 The 8-PSK characteristics
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Figure 5.12 The 8-PSK characteristics
Modulation
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Figure 5.12 The 8-PSK characteristics
Modulation
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Figure 5.12 The 8-PSK characteristics
Modulation
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Figure 5.12 The 8-PSK characteristics
Modulation
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Figure 5.12 The 8-PSK characteristics
Modulation
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Modulation
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Figure 5.12 The 8-PSK characteristics
Modulation
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Figure 5.12 The 8-PSK characteristics
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Thanks
Modulation
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QAM
Modulation
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Digital Modulation
Modulation
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Figure 5.14 The 4-QAM and 8-QAM constellations
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QAM
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Example
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QAM
Modulation
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QAM
Modulation
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QAM
Modulation
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QAM
Modulation
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QAM
Modulation
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QAM
Modulation
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QAM
Modulation
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QAM
Modulation
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QAM
Figure 5.15 Time domain Modulation
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for an 8-QAM signal
PHP
Modulation
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Modulation
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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is a combination of two modulation
techniques: Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Phase Modulation (PM).
QAM, quadrature amplitude modulation has been used for some analogue
transmissions including AM stereo transmissions, but it is for data applications
where it has come into its own.
It is able to provide a highly effective form of modulation for data and as such it is
used in everything from cellular phones to Wi-Fi and almost every other form of
high speed data communications system
Radio communications systems ranging from cellular technology as in the case of LTE through wireless
systems including WiMAX, and Wi-Fi 802.11 use a variety of forms of QAM, and the use of QAM will
only increase within the field of radio communications.
Modulation
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Modulation
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Figure 5.16 16-QAM constellations