COMPETENCY

APPRAISAL
(Mathematics)

COLLEGE ALGEBRA
ADVANCED ALGEBRA
Basic Math and Number Theory

CONTENT:

A. Number System
B. Significant Figures
C. GCF & LCM
D. Laws of Exponent
E. Logarithms
F. Practice Problems
A. Number System
Complex Numbers Imaginary Numbers

Real Numbers Irrational Numbers

Rational Numbers

Integers Negative Integers

Whole Numbers Zero (0)

Natural Numbers
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Complex Numbers

- an expression involving a Note:

combination of real and imaginary
numbers

if , pure imaginary
if , real number
where and are real numbers

Example:

is the real part and is the imaginary BACK

Real Numbers

- are the rational and irrational numbers

taken together

Examples:

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Imaginary Numbers

- are the square root of negative numbers

Example:

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Rational Numbers

- are the numbers which can be expressed

in the form , where and are integers
and

Example:

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Irrational Numbers

- are the numbers which cannot be

expressed in the form

Example:

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Integers

- are the natural numbers, along with their

negatives, and zero

Example:

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Whole Numbers

- are the positive integers and zero

Example:

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Negative Integers

- are the negative counterpart of positive

integers

Example:

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Natural Numbers

- are the numbers, except , formed by one

or more digits and .
- also called as positive integers or counting
numbers

Example:

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 Additional Information
Even Numbers
• are integers divisible by 2

Odd numbers
• are integers not exactly divisible by 2

Prime Numbers
• are natural numbers that are divisible by 1 and itself
only

Composite Numbers
• are natural numbers that are neither 1 nor a prime
number
Properties of Real Numbers
Associativ
Commutat
Closure e Property
ive
Property of
Property
Addition

Distributiv Identity Inverse

e Property Property Property

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Closure Property

- The set of real numbers is closed under

addition and multiplication. This means
that adding or multiplying two or more real
numbers always results to another number
that belongs to the same set of real
numbers.

Example:

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Commutative Property

- The order of adding two or more numbers

of a sum or multiplying two or more factors
of a product does not affect the result.

Example:

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Associative Property of Addition

- When two or more real numbers are added

or multiplied together, no matter how the
numbers are grouped, or associated, when
performing the operation, the result is not
affected.

Example:

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Distributive Property

- The product of a number by the sum of

two or more numbers is equal to the sum
of the products of , , and …….

Example:

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Identity Property

Additive Identity Property

- When zero () is added to a real number,
the sum is the real number itself.

Multiplicative Identity Property

- When one () is multiplied to a real number,
the product is the real number itself.

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Inverse Property
Additive Inverse Property
- The additive inverse of a real number is its opposite, so
the sum of that number and its additive inverse is zero ().
Example:
The additive inverse of is since:

Multiplicative Inverse Property

- The multiplicative inverse of a real number is its
reciprocal, so that the product of the number and its
multiplicative inverse is .
Example:
The multiplicative inverse of is since:

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B. Significant Figures
• All nonzero digits are significant.
• All zeroes between two nonzero digits are significant.
• All zeroes to the right of an understood decimal point and
following a nonzero digit are significant.
• For values less than one, zeroes immediately to the right of an
understood decimal point but to the left of a nonzero digit are not
significant.

EASIER WAY TO UNDERSTAND

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B. Significant Figures

• If the decimal point is visible, look for the first nonzero digit from
left to right.
• If the decimal point is NOT visible, look for the first nonzero digit
from right to left.

Example:

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C. Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
and Least Common Multiple (LCM)
Greatest Common Factor
• The largest number among the common factors of two or more different numbers.

Example:
Solve for the GCF of and .

Factors of
Factors of

Common Factors of and

GCF
C. Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
and Least Common Multiple (LCM)
Least Common Multiple
• The LCM of two or more numbers is the least integer that is a multiple of each of the
given numbers.

Example:
Solve for the LCM of and .

Multiples of
Multiples of

Common Multiples of and

LCM
C. Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
and Least Common Multiple (LCM)
GCF using Prime Factorization:

Example:
Prime Factorization of
Prime Factorization of

Prime Factors common to and and

Product of the prime factors is the GCF, therefore:

GCF of and is
C. Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
and Least Common Multiple (LCM)
LCM using Prime Factorization and Exponents:

Example:
Prime Factorization of
Prime Factorization of

List the prime factor with highest exponents and

Product of the prime factors with highest exponents is the LCM,
therefore:

LCM of and is
C. Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
and Least Common Multiple (LCM)
Relationship between GCF and LCM of two numbers:

Product of two numbers = GCF LCM

Example:
GCF of and
LCM of and
Product of and

Product of two numbers = GCF LCM

D. Laws of Exponent
Example:

1.

2. and
E. Logarithm

• The logarithm of any number to a given base is the index to

which the base must be raised to make it equal to the given
number.

Types ofNatural Logarithm or Napierian Logarithm

Logarithm:
Common Logarithm or Briggsian Logarithm

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E. Logarithm
Natural Logarithm / Napierian Logarithm

Example:

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E. Logarithm
Common Logarithm / Briggsian Logarithm

Example:

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F. Practice Problems
F. Practice Problems
F. Practice Problems
F. Practice Problems
F. Practice Problems
F. Practice Problems
More practice problems
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Advanced Algebra

CONTENT:

A. Quadratic Equations
B. Cubic Equations
C. Functions
D. Word Problems
A. Quadratic Equations

General Form:

Quadratic Formula:

Discriminant:
 A. Quadratic Equations

Nature of roots (by discriminant):

If the discriminant:
• , then, the roots are real and equal
• and perfect square, the roots are real, rational and unequal
• and not perfect square, the roots are real, irrational, and unequal
• , then, the roots are complex conjugate

EXAMPLES

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EXAMPLES
The equation whose roots are the reciprocal of the roots of is?(ECE
Board March 1996)

Solution:
First, solve for the roots of the given quadratic equation.
Using quadratic formula:
EXAMPLES
Then, take the reciprocal of the
roots:

Therefore, the equation is:

or…
EXAMPLES
In the equation , one root is equal to? (EE Board October 1993)

Solution:
First, solve for the roots of the given quadratic equation.
Using quadratic formula:

The roots are and .

EXAMPLES
Solve for that satisfies the equation . (ME Board October 1996)

Solution:
First, solve for the roots of the given quadratic equation.
Using quadratic formula:

value can be or .

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B. Cubic Equations

General Form:

Finding roots:
Synthetic Division
Synthetic Division
Example:
Solve for the roots of the equation .

For the roots that you will use as divisor, chose the factors of the
constant (-12), so the possible roots are both positive and
negative: .

Using :
Synthetic Division
Using :

Since there is no remainder, is a root of the given equation.

Synthetic Division
Using :

Since there is no remainder, is a root of the given equation.

Using :

Since there is no remainder, is a root of the given equation.

 C. Functions
Sample Problems

1. Determine the domain of the function

 C. Functions
Sample Problems

1. Determine the domain of the function

 C. Functions
Sample Problems

2. Determine the domain of the function

 C. Functions
Sample Problems

2. Determine the domain of the function

 C. Functions
Sample Problems

3. If and , what is
 C. Functions
Sample Problems

3. If and , what is

Solution:
 C. Functions
Sample Problems

3. If and , and , then the value of is….

a. 2
 C. Functions
Sample Problems

3. If and , and , then the value of is….

Solution:
a. 2
 D. Word Problems
Sample Problems

1. In a party, there are guests composed of men, women, and children.

There are more children than women and more women than men.
How many men are in the party?
 D. Word Problems
Sample Problems

1. In a party, there are guests composed of men, women, and children.

There are more children than women and more women than men.
How many men are in the party?
Solution:
 D. Word Problems
Sample Problems

2. The difference between two numbers is . If is added to times the

smaller, the result is the same when is subtracted from times the
larger. Find the numbers

b. and
a. and

c. and
d. and 2
 D. Word Problems
Sample Problems

2. The difference between two numbers is . If is added to times the

smaller, the result is the same when is subtracted from times the
larger. Find the numbers
Solution:

b. and
a. and

c. and
d. and 2
 D. Word Problems
Sample Problems

3. John bought a pencil and received change for in coins, all nickels and
quarters. How many of each kind are given?

b. and
a. and

c. and
d. and
 D. Word Problems
Sample Problems

3. John bought a pencil and received change for in coins, all nickels and
quarters. How many of each kind are given?

b. and
a. and Solution:

c. and
d. and
 D. Word Problems
Sample Problems

4. A man travels in a motorized boat at the rate of from his barrio to the
town and come back to his barrio at the rate of . If the total time
consumed is hours and minutes, what is the distance of the barrio to
the town?
 D. Word Problems
Sample Problems

4. A man travels in a motorized boat at the rate of from his barrio to the
town and come back to his barrio at the rate of . If the total time
consumed is hours and minutes, what is the distance of the barrio to
the town?
Solution:
 D. Word Problems
Sample Problems

5. A merchant sold 100 bananas. Eighty of them were sold at a profit of

while the rest were sold at a loss of . What is the percentage gain or
loss on the business?

a. gain
 D. Word Problems
Sample Problems

5. A merchant sold 100 bananas. Eighty of them were sold at a profit of

while the rest were sold at a loss of . What is the percentage gain or
loss on the business?

a. gain
Solution:
 D. Word Problems
Sample Problems

6. Boyle’s law states that at constant temperature, the volume of a gas

varies inversely as the pressure to which it is subjected. If volume
when pressure, find the pressure when volume.
 D. Word Problems
Sample Problems

6. Boyle’s law states that at constant temperature, the volume of a gas

varies inversely as the pressure to which it is subjected. If volume
when pressure, find the pressure when volume.
Solution:
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