SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES in
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
Mia Karel T. Opetina
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POPULATION AND
SAMPLE
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POPULATION and
SAMPLE
• A sample is a smaller (but hopefully
representative) collection of units from a
population used to determine truths about that
population
• Population is the larger unit from which individuals
are selected to participate in a study
• The SAMPLING FRAME is the list from which the
potential respondents are drawn (i.e. class
rosters)
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What
The process by
is SAMPLING
which a
researcher
chooses the
respondents/
participants/
samples of his
study
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PURPOSE OF
SAMPLING
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To gather data about the
population in order to make an
inference that can be
generalized to the population
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IMPORTANT ISSUES in QUANTITATIVE
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Representation – the
SAMPLINGextent to which the
1 sample is representative of the population
Generalization – the extent to which the results
2 of the study can be reasonably extended from the
sample to the population
Sampling error – the chance occurrence that a
3 randomly selected sample is not representative of
the population due to errors inherent in the
sampling techniques.
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IMPORTANT ISSUES in QUANTITATIVE
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Sampling biasSAMPLING
– some aspects of the
4 researcher’s sampling design creates bias in the
data
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SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
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CATEGORIES OF SAMPLING
PROBABILITYTECHNIQUES
SAMPLING
Each member of the population has a known,
non-zero chance of participating in the study
Randomization is the core of probability sampling
Application of this method offers the highest
chance of creating a sample that is truly
representative of the population
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CATEGORIES OF SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
participants are selected non-randomly
Only certain members of the population has a
chance to participate in the study
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What sampling technique(s)
is/are used in Quantitative
Research? Probability or non-
probability techniques?
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The aim of the research
is to generalize the ASSUMPTIONS 11
outcome to the
population
of
The researcher want
to reduce the sampling
QUANTITATIVE
bias RESEARCH
The population is
usually diverse
The researcher need
to create an accurate
sample
Use________________
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The aim of the research
is to generalize the ASSUMPTIONS of 12
outcome to the
population
QUANTITATIVE
When researcher want
to reduce the sampling
RESEARCH
bias
When the population
is usually diverse
To create an accurate
sample
Use Probability
Practical Research 2 | 2024 Sampling
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PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
CLUSTER SAMPLING
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SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
Purest form of
probability sampling
Each member of the
population has an
equal and known
chance of being
selected
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SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Often used instead of
random sampling
It is also called an nth
name selection
technique
After the required
sample size has been
calculated, every nth
record is selected from
a list of population
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members
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STRATIFIED SAMPLING
The commonly used
probability method that is
superior to random
sampling because it
reduces sampling error.
A stratum (strata) is a
subset of the population
that share at least one
common characteristics;
such as males andPractical
femalesResearch 2 | 2024
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CLUSTER SAMPLING
Probability sample in which
each sampling unit is a
collection of elements.
Effective under the following
conditions:
A good sampling frame is not
available or costly, while a
frame listing clusters is easily
obtained
The cost of obtaining
observations increases as the
distance separating thePractical Research 2 | 2024
elements increases
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STRATIFIED VS CLUSTER
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
CLUSTER
Elements within each Sampling is done on a
stratum are sampled population of clusters,
therefore, cluster/group is
considered a sampling unit
A random sample is Only selected clusters are
selected from each sampled
stratum
The motive is to increase The aim
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2 | 2024
precision to reduce error increase the efficiency of
SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Mia Karel T. Opetina
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The researchers decided to acquire 400 respondents
based on +/- 5% with 95% confidence interval. The
sample size for the study was statistically determined
based on the population of the NCR male high school
students. Statistically, the sample size needed is only
384, but in order t give reservations for possible
spoiled instruments the researchers settled to have
400 respondents as sample size. In order to come out
to this number of accomplished survey
questionnaires, five probability sampling stages were
employed. Those were:
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Stage 1: Simple random sampling through fishbowl
method in selecting five cities to limit sample size
Mandaluyong, Manila, Malabon, Paranaque, and
Pateros/Taguig.
Stage 2: Stratified random sampling in selecting one
public and one private school per city.
Stage 3: Stratified random sampling in terms of year level
Stage 4: Systematic random sampling in choosing the
section per year level
Stage 5: Systematic random sampling in choosing the
students respondent.
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PROBABILITY SAMPLING:
PROCEDURE
• SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
–Selection process
• Identify and define the population
• Determine the desired sample size
• List all members of the population. (Prepare the sampling
frame)
• Assign all members on the list a consecutive number
• Select an arbitrary starting point from a table of random
numbers and read the appropriate number of digits
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PROBABILITY SAMPLING:
PROCEDURE
• SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
–Selection process
• Identify and define the population
• Determine the desired sample size
• Prepare the sampling frame
• After the required sample size has been calculated, every
nth record is selected from a list of population members
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PROBABILITY SAMPLING:
PROCEDURE
• STRATIFIED SAMPLING
– Stratified sampling is often used when one or more of the stratums in
the population have a low incidence relative to other stratums.
– Selection process
• Identify and define the population
• Identify relevant stratum (strata) and their actual representation in the
population
• Determine the desired sample size
• Prepare the sampling frame per stratum
• Random sampling is then used to select a sufficient number of subjects from
each stratum
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PROBABILITY SAMPLING:
PROCEDURE
• CLUSTER SAMPLING
–Selection process
• Identify and define the population
• Create clusters
• Randomly select clusters
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EXAMPLE
A guidance counselor wants to conduct a survey
to estimate the proportion of senior high school
students who plan to attend college after
graduation
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EXAMPLE
Sampling Procedure
[Link] the Population. The population selected is the
Grade 12 SHS students
[Link] population is divided into strata (by strand and
specialization)
3.A sampling frame is created by strata.
[Link] sample size was determined
[Link] the sample size is determined, random sampling
by strata is conducted to select the participants
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