UNIT-IV
DC Choppers
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Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Contents:-
• Introduction of choppers
• Applications of choppers
• Classification of choppers
• Principle Of Step down chopper
• Principle Of Step up chopper
• Time ratio control and Current limit control strategies
• Quadrant choppers( Principle of operation only)
– First Quadrant chopper
– Second Quadrant chopper
– Two Quadrant choppers
– Four quadrant chopper
• Problems
Introduction
• Chopper is a static device.
• Equivalently represented as a switch
• It is used to obtain a variable dc voltage from
a constant dc voltage source.
• DC chopper is also known as dc to dc
converter and DC voltage controller
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Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
APPLICATIONS
• used for speed control of DC-Motor.
• battery chargers
• Laptop chargers
• Mobile chargers
• traction systems
• SMPS
Classification of choppers
Based on input and output voltage:-
Step-down choppers.
Step-up choppers.
Based on quadrant operation :-
First quadrant chopper
Second quadrant chopper
Two quadrant choppers
Four quadrant chopper
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Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Principle Of
Step-down Chopper
In a DC excitation circuits, constant DC current flowing through switch.
So that when ever thyristor is connected it required forced commutation
circuit to control power flow from source to load.
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Vdc Average value of output or load voltage.
tON Time, during this interval chopper is ON state.
tOFF Time, during this interval chopper is OFF state
T tON tOFF Period of switching or chopping period.
1
f Freq. of chopper switching or chopping freq.
T
If chopper is turned ON, load is connected across supply. So
that load Current is drawn from the supply , flows through
chopper, load and return to supply.
If chopper is turned off, load is disconnected form the
supply . So that load Current and voltage magnitudes are
‘0’.
Average Output Voltage:-
tON
1
VO ( Avg )
T v dt
0
o
v0 V When chopper is ON
and v0 0 When chopper is OFF
tON
1 tON
V0( dc ) V0( avg ) V0
T
0
V dt V
tON tOFF
tON
Vdc V V .d
T
tON
but d duty cycle
t
• Therefore average output voltage across load is controlled
from ‘V’ to ‘0’ by varying the duty cycle from ‘1’ to ‘0’.
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Average Value of Output Current
Vdc
I dc
R
V tON V
I dc d
R T R
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RMS value of output voltage
tON
1
o dt
2
VO ( rms ) v
T 0
But during tON , vo V
Therefore RMS output voltage
tON
1
dt
2
VO ( rms ) V
T 0
V2 tON
VO ( rms ) tON V
T T
VO ( rms ) V d
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Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Step-down Chopper
With R-L Load
v 0 O utput
voltage
V
tO N tO F F
t
T
i0 O utput
Im a x current
C ontinuous
I m in current
t
i0 O utput
When chopper is turned ON, v0 V . and current
When chopper is turned OFF, v0 0. D iscontinuous
current
t
• When chopper is turned off, load is disconnected form the supply . But load
inductor starts discharging and current continues to flow in the same direction
through FWD.
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Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
• Load current may be continuous or
discontinuous depending on the values of ‘L’
and duty cycle ‘d’
• For a continuous current operation, load
current varies between two limits Imax and Imin
• For a discontinuous current operation, load
current varies between two limits Imax and zero
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Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Current expressions to identify
CCM or DCM
Average Output Voltage:-
tON
1
VO ( Avg )
T v dt
0
o
v0 V When chopper is ON
and v0 0 When chopper is OFF
tON
1 tON
V0( dc ) V0( avg ) V0
T
0
V dt V
tON tOFF
tON
Vdc V V .d
T
tON
but d duty cycle
t
• Therefore average output voltage across load is controlled
from ‘V’ to ‘0’ by varying the duty cycle from ‘1’ to ‘0’.
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RMS value of output voltage
tON
1
o dt
2
VO ( rms ) v
T 0
But during tON , vo V
Therefore RMS output voltage
tON
1
dt
2
VO ( rms ) V
T 0
V2 tON
VO ( rms ) tON V
T T
VO ( rms ) V d
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Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Principle Of Step-up Chopper
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WHEN SWITCH IS ON
Voltage across inductor L V
Therefore energy stored in inductor =
tON On Time period of chopper.
• When the chopper is ON, the inductor L is connected across the
supply.
• The inductor current ‘I’ rises and the inductor stores energy during the
ON time of the chopper, tON.
,
WHEN SWITCH IS OFF
Voltage across
L VO V
Energy supplied by inductor
L VO V ItOFF
• When the chopper is off, the inductor current I is forced to flow
through the diode D and load for a period, tOFF.
• The current tends to decrease resulting in reversing the polarity of
induced EMF in L.
• Diode D prevents any current flow from load to the source. if any
capacitive filter is used at output.
• Step-up chopper is used to obtain a load voltage higher than the
input voltage V.
• The value of L is chosen depending upon the requirement of output
voltage and current.
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Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
FOR LOSSLESS SYSTEM
ENERGY STORED IN INDUCTOR=ENERGY SUPPLIED BY INDUCTOR
VItON VO V ItOFF
V t t
VO ON OFF Where tON tOFF =T
tOFF
T
VO V
T tON
1 1
VO V V
tON 1 d
1
T
1 tON
VO V Where d duty cyle
1 d T
• Therefore average output voltage across load is controlled
from infinity to ‘V’ by varying the duty cycle from ‘1’ to ‘0’.
Methods Of Control
• The average output dc voltage can be varied by
controlling the duty cycle
• the duty cycle can be controlled by using two
methods
1. Time ratio control(TRC)
2. Current limit control
• Time ratio control(TRC)
in time ratio control the value of TON/T is varied
– With Pulse width modulation (PWM)control or constant frequency operation.
– With Variable frequency control.
Pulse Width Modulation
V0
• tON is varied by V
keeping chopping tO N tO F F
frequency ‘f’ or
t
chopping period ‘T’ T
constant. V0
V
• Output voltage is
varied by varying the
ON time tON t
tO N tO F F
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Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Variable Frequency Control
v0
• Chopping frequency ‘f’ is
V
varied by keeping either tON
or tOFF constant.
• in this Chopping frequency ‘f’ tO N tO F F
is varied keeping tON constant. t
T
• To obtain full output voltage v0
range, frequency has to be
varied over a wide range. V
• This method produces
harmonics in the output and
tO N tO F F
for large tOFF load current
t
may become discontinuous
T
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Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Chopping frequency ‘f’ is varied by keeping tOFF is
constant.
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Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Current limit control
• When current becomes equal to Imax the chopper is turned-off
and it is turned-on when current reduces to Imin.
Quadrant Choppers
Type- A chopper or First Quadrant chopper
Type- B chopper or Second Quadrant chopper
Two Quadrant choppers
Type C chopper or Two quadrant Type- A chopper
Type D chopper or Two quadrant Type- B chopper
Four quadrant chopper
Type- A chopper or First Quadrant chopper
• Step down chopper
When CH-1 is ON, L stores energy, v0 Vs and i 0 is positive
When CH-1 is OFF, L discharging through FD, v0 0 and i 0 is '+'Ve
• That means average value of load voltage and load current (i.e V O& IO)
are always positive.
• So that from VO-IO plane, it is identified that type A chopper is operated
in only first quadrant.
Steady state time domain analysis of type-A chopper
• When Chopper is ON state, during 0<t<ton
di
v0 Vs =Ri+L +E
dt
By using laplace transform
Vs E
RI(s)+L sI(s)-I min =
s
Vs E L * I min
I(s)= +
s ( R Ls ) R Ls
Vs E I min
= +
R R
Ls s s
L L
By using inverse laplace transform
Vs E
R
t
R
t
L
i(t) = 1 e +I min e L
R
During ton interval i (t ) varies from I min to I max ,
therefore at t ton instant i(t) become I max
Vs E ton
R R
ton
I max = 1 e L +I min e L
R
Vs E on
t t
on
I max = 1 e Ta +I min e Ta ------------(1)
R
L
where Ta is the time constat of RL circuit
R
Steady state time domain analysis of type-A chopper
• When Chopper is OFF state, during 0<t2<toff
di
v0 0=Ri+L +E
dt
By using laplace transform
E
RI(s)+L sI(s)-I max =
s
E L * I max E I max
I(s)= + +
s ( R Ls ) R Ls R R
Ls s s
L L
By using inverse laplace transform
E
R
t
R
t
L
i(t) = 1 e +I max e L
R
During toff interval i(t ) varies from I max to I min ,
therefore at t toff instant i(t) become I min
E
R R
toff toff
I min = 1 e L +I max e L
R
We know that t on toff T , therefore toff T t on
E T ton
T ton
1 e a +I max e a ----------(2)
T T
I min =
R
L
By solving eq (1) and eq (2) and Ta
R
on
t
ton
Vs 1 e a ET
Vs e a 1 E
T
We get I max = T
- , I min = T -
R R R T R
Ta
1 e e 1
a
Final expressions to identify CCM and DCM
on
t
ton
Vs 1 e a E
T
Vs e a 1 E
T
I max = T
- , & I min = T -
R
T R R T R
1 e a
e a
1
(OR) By substituting t on =dT
dRT
dRT
L
Vs 1 e E L
Vs e 1 E
I max = RT
- , & I min = RT -
R
L
R R L R
1 e e 1
For RL load:- Subtitute E=0
dRT
dRT
Vs 1 e L
L
Vs e 1
I max = RT , & I min = R RT
R
e L 1
1 e
L
Type- B chopper or Second Quadrant chopper
• load must contain a battery E (DC Motor)
When CH-2 is ON, L stores energy, v0 0 and i 0 is negative
di
When CH-2 is OFF, L dischrging through D 2 , v0 E L > Vs and i 0 is "-"ve
dt
• That means average value of load voltage is positive, but load current
is negative. Hence power is transfer from load to source.
• So that from VO-IO plane, it is identified that type B chopper is operated
in only second quadrant.
Type- C chopper or Two Quadrant Type- A chopper
• It is obtained by connecting type A and type B choppers in parallel across
common load.
When CH-1 is ON, L stores energy, v0 Vs and i 0 is Positive
When CH-1 is OFF, L discharging through FD, v0 0 and i 0 is Positive
When CH-2 is ON, L stores energy, v0 0 and i 0 is negative
When CH-2 is OFF, L discharging through D 2 , v0 > Vs and i 0 is '-'ve
• Therefore from VO-IO plane, it is identified that type C chopper is
operated in 1st and 2nd quadrants.
Type- D chopper or Two Quadrant Type- B chopper
When CH-1 & CH-2 are Turned ON,
load is directly connected across supply
So that
v0 Vs
and i 0 is Positive
When CH-1 & CH-2 are Turned OFF,
D1 and D2 starts conduction (ON)
Load starts discharging and
connected across supply in the reverse direction
So that v0 Vs and i 0 is Positive
• Therefore V0 is ‘+’Ve when Ton>Toff and V0 is ‘-’Ve when Ton<Toff
• From VO-IO plane, it is identified that type D chopper is operated in 1st and 4th
quadrants.
Four Quadrant chopper
1st Qua operation:- CH-4 kept ON and CH-1 is operated
When CH-1 & CH-4 are ON, v0 Vs and i 0 is Positive
When CH-1 is OFF, D 2 & CH-4 are ON, v0 0 and i 0 is "+"ve
• Hence both VO and IO are positive giving 1st quadrant operation.
2nd Qua operation:- CH-2 is operated
When CH-2 & D 4 are ON, v0 0 and i 0 is negative
When CH-2 is OFF, D 4 & D1 are ON, v0 Vs and i 0 is "-"ve
• Hence VO is ‘+’ve and IO is ‘-’ve giving 2nd quadrant operation.
Continued………..
3rd Qua operation:- CH-2 kept ON and CH-3 is operated
When CH-3 & CH-2 are ON, v0 Vs and i 0 is negative
When CH-3 is OFF, D 4 & CH-2 are ON, v0 0 and i0 is "-"ve
• Hence both VO and IO are Negative, giving 3rd quadrant operation.
4th Qua operation:- CH-4 is operated
When CH-4 & D 2 are ON, v0 0 and i 0 is positive
When CH-4 is OFF, D 2 & D3 are ON, v0 Vs and i 0 is "+"ve
• Hence VO is ‘-’ve and IO is ‘+’ve giving 4th quadrant operation.