IP Addressing
INTW 1325
What is an IP address?
• An unique identifier for a
computer or device (host) on a
TCP/IP network
• A 32-bit binary number usually
represented as 4 decimal
numbers separated by a period
Example:
206 . 40 . 185 . 73
11001110.00101000. 10111001.01001001
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What is an IP address?
• Each address is 32 bits wide
• Valid addresses can range from
[Link] to [Link]
WHY?
Because 11111111b = 25510
3
What is an IP address?
Theoretically, a total of 4.3
billion addresses are available
WHY?
Because 232 = 4,294,967,29610
4
Two addresses in one…
• Each address consists of two
parts
1. The network address
2. The host address
• Other systems may use more
than one address (Ex: IPX)
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The Five Network Classes
1. Class A – begins with 0
• 00000001 (110) to 01111111 (12610)*
2. Class B – begins with 10
• 10000000 (12810) to 10111111 (19110)
3. Class C – begins with 110
• 11000000 (19210) to 11011111 (22310)
*01111111 = 12710
Addresses beginning with 127 are reserved for
loopback ([Link] is YOU) 6
The Five Network Classes
4. Class D – begins with 1110
• 22410 to 23910
• Reserved for multicasting
5. Class E – begins with 1111
• 24010 to 25410
• Reserved for future use
These should not be used for host
addressing
7
Which part belongs to the network
and which part belongs to the
node?
Class A – [Link]
Class B –
[Link]
Class C –
[Link]
Where X = Network
and
y = node 8
IP Addresses*
Clas 1st Octet Networks Ids Host IDs
s
A 1-126 27 = 126 224 = 16M
B 128-191 214 = 16K 216 = 64K
C 192-223 221 = 2M 28 = 255
*Numbers not exact
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There are three IP network
addresses reserved for private
networks
1. [Link]/8
2. [Link]/12
3. [Link]/16
These can be used by anyone
setting up an internal network.
Routers will never forward packets
coming from these addresses. 10
Subnetting
• …can be done for a variety of
reasons
– Organization
– Use of different physical media
– Preservation of address space
– Security
• The most common reason is to
control network traffic
11
Subnetting
• In an Ethernet network, all nodes
on a segment see all packets
transmitted by other nodes on
that segment
• Performance can be adversely
affected under heavy traffic loads
• A router is used to connect IP
networks to minimize the amount
of traffic each segment must
receive
12
Subnet masking
• Applying a subnet mask allows you to
identify the network and node parts of the
address. A router will then determine
whether the address is local or remote.
• Network bits are masked as 1s
• Node bits are masked as 0s
• Class A – [Link]
– 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
• Class B – [Link]
– 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
• Class C – [Link]
– 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
13
Subnet masking
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Subnet masking
• Performing a bitwise logical AND
between the IP address and the
subnet mask results in the network
address
• Ex: Class - B [Link]
10001100.10110011.11110000.11001000
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
10001100.10110011.00000000.00000000
Network Address = [Link]
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A Few Rules…
1. Each device on a node has a unique
MAC address
2. Each device on a node needs a unique
IP address
3. All devices on the same physical
segment share a common network ID
(subnet mask)
4. Each physical segment has a unique
Network ID (subnet mask)
16
Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP)
• Before an IP packet can be forwarded
to another host, the MAC address
(usually 6 bytes written in hex (Ex: 02-
FE-87-4A-8C-A9) of the receiving
machine must be known
• ARP determines the MAC addresses
that correspond to an IP address
• A router will choose direct paths for
the network packets based on the
addressing of the IP frame it is
handling (different routes to different
networks)
17
Direct and Indirect Routing
• Direct – when nodes are on the
same network
• Indirect – used when the network
numbers of the source and
destination do not match
– Packet must be forwarded by a node
that knows hot to reach the
destination (a router)
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