Personality has been derived from the Greek word,
“persona” used for the mask worn by the actors to
change their appearance.
The term “persona” came to apply to the actor &
eventually to the individual in general.
Personality includes the totality of one’s own
behavior towards one self & to others as well .
It includes physical , psychological, emotional,
social, mental & spiritual make up i.e. “sum total”
of an individual’s behavior.
The aggregate of the physical &mental
qualities of an individual which will interact
and function in characteristic fashion with
the environment.
Taylor
(1982)
Personality is distinctive patterns of
behavior (including thoughts &
emotions) that characterize each
individual’s adaptation to the situations
of his / her life.
Walter Mischel
Integration of an individual’s structures ,
modes of behavior, interests, attitudes,
abilities & capacities .
- Munn
Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating
to & thinking about the environment &
one self that are exhibited in a wide range
of social & personal contexts.
American psychiatric
assocation,2000
Unique & specific
It include all the behavior pattern’s.
Sum of the (total) traits of an individual.
It is not static, but is dynamic.
Unique adjustment of an individual to his
environment.
Product of heredity & environment.
Judged through social.
Always strive for goals.
Personality has both internal ( thoughts,
values, genetic characteristics') and
external elements.
Every individual personality has one or more
distinguishing feature.
Predicts one’s own nature of behavior &
pattern of adjustment to the ever changing
forces of the environment.
Motives, abilities, interests & temperament
qualities are recognized as underlying
determinants of behavior.
Biological factors
Sociocultral factors
•Internal •External
•Hereditar •Drugs ,Alcoh
y olism
•Endocrine •Disease &
gland health status
•Diet/nutrition
•Home environment
& parents
•School environment •Cultural
& teachers •Mass
environ
•Peer groups media
ment
•Sibling relationship
Hereditary factors: A person heritage is a
key factor in personality development. It
refers to transmission of traits or genetic
information from parents to offspring.( hair
color, blood group)
Endocrine Glands: hormones control various
processes in the body such as metabolism,
growth & sexual development. These in
turns influence emotions, growth.
(Gigantism, Dwarfism)
Drugs abuse & Alcoholism: Drug
dependence and alcohol abuse leads to
personality disorganization.
Disease & health status/ ill health: there is
marked alteration in personality in case of
illness. Like dependency, incompetency,
lack of self sufficiency, irritability, non-
cooperation. In case of chronic disease ,
permanent personality changes can be
there.
Diet & Nutrition: there are evidences of
personality breakdown with the victims of
starvation. Their behavior and manner
become rough, moral standards are
reduced, they are preoccupied with ideas of
food, become depressed, irritable, unsocial
& lost their sense of humor.
Home environment & parents: family is the primary
& basic group of an individual , so it has a greater
impact on individual personality development. It
provides basis for interaction among family
members, & the child will learn how to interact with
the society. The role of father & mother puts great
effect on development of personality & secured
individual identity.
If the father is tense, rough & disregard most of the
child attention, Then, child ego is threatened & his
anxiety increases. As a result his /her dependency
on mother increases. if mother respond positively it
will lead to development of trust, secure personality.
Teachers in the school has to build up the
child motivation & knowledge foundation.
School experience is more than mere transfer,
extension & modifications. In school , child
interact with peer & try to form relationship.
Child learn different patterns of
communication & expression of emotions.
School provide great opportunity to modify &
learn cognitive, affective & psychomotor skills.
They forms groups, group dynamics, group
communication, leadership skills.
Peer group: is more influential than parents
as well as siblings. Many behavior patterns
are learned in peer groups.
Sibling relations : the no. of siblings as well
as their gender & age has significant
influence on personality development. Birth
order also impact the personality of an
individual. It was found that first born tend
to be more reserved, dominant,
achievement oriented compare to younger
siblings.
Mass media: Mass media includes films, TV, radio,
newspaper etc. Mass media has a significant impact
on personality , attitude formation, values and beliefs.
Many behavior patterns are learned by imitating
models from the mass media.
Culture environment: culture affect behavior , life
style, personality traits. In India, male are consider
more dominant as compare to female.
[Link] classification
[Link]’s
[Link]’s
[Link]’s
Type and trait theories
[Link] Eyseneh’s
[Link] Allport’s
Depressed, no happiness &
energy
Cheerful, confident
Better in writing than Talkative
speaking Enjoyment seeker
Interested in books Sociability
&magazines Friendly
Helpful in nature
Outgoing
Shyness
Risk taker
Excitability
Social withdrawal Liveliness
Not interested in Optimistic
external facts Show interest in social
Feel for others , activity
admire others
Introvert Extrovert
Competitive drive Calmer
Restlessness Easy going
Impatience
Non competitive
Sense of urgency
Struggle to control
situation , but when
Live under constant
they fail to do so, they
pressure
stop coping
Multiple activities with
deadliness to meet
Hostility
Type A Type B
Psychodynamic Theories of
Personality Development
Given by Sigmund freud.
Founder of psychoanalytic theory.
Father of psychiatry.
Stages of
Structure personality
Topograph Dynamic of developme
of
y of Mind Personality nt
personality
(psychosexu
al)
•Oral
•Id •Conscious •Psychic •Anal
•Ego •Pre- energy •Phallic
•Supereg conscious •Cathexis •Latency
o •Unconscious •Anti-cathexis •Genital
Present at birth
Child is born with bundle of id.
Always seeks pleasure.
Immediate gratification is required.
Immediate gratification of biological needs
such as hunger, thirst. etc.
Id is the unconscious part of mind.
Id behavior are impulsive & may be
irrational.
Reality principle
Rational self
Logical & conscious part of mind.
Balance the demand of id and superego.
Control the behaviour of id.
Act as a mediator to maintain harmony
among external world.
It experience the reality of external world,
adapt to it, responds to it.
Ego ideal
conscience
Perfection principle. (Moralist)
Idealist part of personality.
Reside in un/preconscious part.
Begins 4-5 years of age.
It is related to social & moral values that an
individual inculcates as he matures.
He/she learns the cultural values & norms of
society which helps him/her to differentiate
between right & wrong.
Freud believed that the id, ego and
superego were in constant conflict with
one another, the ego controlling the
demands of the id and the superego
checking the behaviour of the ego.
ID Superego
I want it now Nice people do not
do that
Ego
May be I can find a
compromise
Mind is a function of
body; it does not exist
apart from the body.
It is the sum total of the
various mental processes
or activities.
Mental processes can be
conscious, unconscious
or preconscious.
THE CONSCIOUS: -
As per Freud, the conscious part of mind consist of those mental
activities of which we are aware such as thoughts, feelings and
sensations.
Aware of surrounding.
Rational & logical structure of personality.
Memories remain with in the individual awareness.
THE PRECONSCIOUS OR SUBCONSCIOUS:-
Small portion.
It is that part of mind, in which ideas and reactions
are stored and partially forgotten.
Act as a sensor.
When we put some pressure on pre-conscious then
we will be able to recognize it.
Eg. Address , telephone no.
THE UNCONSCIOUS:-
It is the largest of the three topographical levels.
Memories that is unable to bring to conscious awareness.
It includes our repressed desires, our fears and phobias for
which we do not know the reasons.
Materials stored in the unconscious has a powerful influence
on our thoughts or feelings (unconscious motivation).
Unconscious material may also emerge in dreams.
Voluntary & involuntary putting the things ……
Repression
Suppression
Repression: involves unwanted impulses or thoughts
being unconsciously pushed out of awareness, buried
in unconscious mind.
Suppression: occur when a person consciously tries
to force these feelings out of awareness.
Purposely trying to forget or not to thing about
painful or unwanted thoughts.
Psychic Energy: it is the force required for
mental functioning. Originates in the id &
fulfills basic physiological needs like
hunger,thirst,air,libido.
Psychic energy is the force that propel
the individual for mental functioning.
A drive has two parts:
a biological need
a psychological need.
For example, the state of hunger leads to
both a physical need for food and a
psychological desire to eat. These two forces
work together to form a drive to eat food
when it is needed.
Freud believed that people continuously generate
psychic energy, but only a certain amount is
available for use at any point in time. This psychic
energy is then used by the three components of
personality: the id, the ego, and the superego.
Along the growth of baby, psychic energy is shifted
from id to form ego & then from ego to superego.
Psychic energy is disturbed among three components
of personality. But major part of psychic energy is
present among ego.
When psychic excessive energy is stored in id, the
impulsive behavior occurs.
….ego….. Individual could be self absorbed,
narcissistic.
…superego….individual could be rigid , self
deprecating behavior.
Cathexis: it is the process by which the id invest energy
into an object in an attempt to achieve gratification.
This investment of energy in an object, idea, or person is
known as cathexis.
Eg. An individual instinctively turns to alcohol to relieve
stress.
Anticathexis: it is the use of psychic energy
by the ego and superego to control id
impulses.
Eg. Ego and superego would attempt to
control the use of alcohol with rational
thinking. (ulcers from thinking) .
e.g. I shouldn’t drink. if I drink, my family will
be hurt and angry.
Freud believed that an imbalance
between cathexis and anti-cathexis
resulted in internal conflicts producing
tension and anxiety within the individual.
Personality can be developed :
Psychosexual development (Sigmund
Freud)
Psychosocial development (Erikson)
According to Freud, all human beings pass through a
series of five psychosexual stages.
It includes 5 stages:
(a) Oral stage
(b) Anal stage
(c) Phallic stage
(d) Latency stage
(e) Genital stage
S. Stages Age Characteristics
No
1. Birth to 1 ½ •Pleasure is obtained through
Oral stage
year stimulation of the mouth as in
nursing or thumb sucking.
2. During second •Toilet training is attempted
Anal stage
year( 1 ½ - 3 •Gratification is obtained through
years) holding or expelling faeces.
3. Three to six •Pleasures is obtained by fondling the
Phallic
genitals
/oedipus stage •Male and female identification
4. 6to 12 year •Sexual interests are repressed and
Latent stage /
(onset of lie dormant till puberty.
latency puberty) •Period of gang formation and
extreme gang loyalties.
•Boys cling together and shun girls
and girls despise boys.
5. Genital stage Begins with •Young people begin experiencing
(adolescence) puberty romantic infatuation and emotional
upheavals.
Up to 6 months , behavior is directed towards ‘ID’ &
the goal is immediate gratification of needs.
The behaviors include sucking, chewing, biting.
Food is equated with love.
The infant feels a sense of attachment & develops
‘trust’ with caring person.
Neglected/ underfed (lack of oral stimulation)
Overprotected/ overfed (excess of oral stimulation)
In the later part of oral stage, the child may feel
aggressive in response to the frustration of
weaning, biting is a symbol of oral-sadistic stage.
S. Stages Age Characteristics
No
1. Birth to 1 ½ year •Pleasure is obtained through
Oral stage
stimulation of the mouth as in
nursing or thumb sucking.
2. During second •Toilet training is attempted
Anal stage
year( 1 ½ - 3 •Gratification is obtained through
years) holding or expelling faeces.
3. Three to six •Pleasures is obtained by fondling the
Phallic
genitals
/oedipus stage •Male and female identification
4. 6to 12 year •Sexual interests are repressed and
Latent stage /
(onset of lie dormant till puberty.
latency puberty) •Period of gang formation and
extreme gang loyalties.
•Boys cling together and shun girls
and girls despise boys.
5. Genital stage Begins with •Young people begin experiencing
(adolescence) puberty romantic infatuation and emotional
upheavals.
Focus shift from oral cavity to anus & urethra.
The major task are gaining independence & control
specific focus on anal function.
The child learn to regulate elimination process
through toilet training.
When toilet training is strict & rigid, the child may
choose to retain faces & suffers with constipation.
Anal retentive personality
Anal expulsive personality
If anal fixation occurs retentive personality traits like
stubbornness, stinginess, destructiveness,
disorganization results.
S. Stages Age Characteristics
No
1. Birth to 1 ½ year •Pleasure is obtained through
Oral stage
stimulation of the mouth as in
nursing or thumb sucking.
2. During second •Toilet training is attempted
Anal stage
year( 1 ½ - 3 •Gratification is obtained through
years) holding or expelling faeces.
3. Three to six •Pleasures is obtained by
Phallic
fondling the genitals
/oedipus •Male and female identification
stage
4. 6to 12 year •Sexual interests are repressed and
Latent stage /
(onset of lie dormant till puberty.
latency puberty) •Period of gang formation and
extreme gang loyalties.
•Boys cling together and shun girls
and girls despise boys.
5. Genital stage Begins with •Young people begin experiencing
(adolescence) puberty romantic infatuation and emotional
upheavals.
Focus of pleasurable sensation has shifted
from mouth & excretory organs to the
genitalia.
Purposefully examine his/her own bodies.
Oedipus complex child develops.
Electra complex also develops
S. Stages Age Characteristics
No
1. Birth to 1 ½ year •Pleasure is obtained through
Oral stage
stimulation of the mouth as in
nursing or thumb sucking.
2. During second •Toilet training is attempted
Anal stage
year( 1 ½ - 3 •Gratification is obtained through
years) holding or expelling faeces.
3. Three to six •Pleasures is obtained by fondling the
Phallic
genitals
/oedipus stage •Male and female identification
4. 6to 12 year •Sexual interests are repressed
Latent
(onset of and lie dormant till puberty.
stage / puberty) •Period of gang formation and
extreme gang loyalties.
latency
•Boys cling together and shun
girls and girls despise boys.
5. Genital stage Begins with •Young people begin experiencing
(adolescence) puberty romantic infatuation and emotional
upheavals.
More interest in group activities, learning &
socialization with peers.
Sexuality is not absent during this period but
remains obscure & imperceptible to others.
Shows preference for same sex relationship.
Superego is formulated at this stage.
Sexual drive is channelized into socially
appropriate goals.
Fixation at latency phase leads to neurotic
disorders.
S. Stages Age Characteristics
No
1. Birth to 1 ½ year •Pleasure is obtained through
Oral stage
stimulation of the mouth as in
nursing or thumb sucking.
2. During second •Toilet training is attempted
Anal stage
year( 1 ½ - 3 •Gratification is obtained through
years) holding or expelling faeces.
3. Three to six •Pleasures is obtained by fondling the
Phallic
genitals
/oedipus stage •Male and female identification
4. 6to 12 year •Sexual interests are repressed and
Latent stage /
(onset of lie dormant till puberty.
latency puberty) •Period of gang formation and
extreme gang loyalties.
•Boys cling together and shun girls
and girls despise boys.
5. Genital Begins with •Young people begin
stage puberty experiencing romantic
(adolescence infatuation and emotional
) upheavals.
Final stage of development.
Confused between behaving in a dependent
, immature, child like way or in an
independendent, mature adult manner.
Problems encountered at any one stage, either of deprivation or
overindulgence, may produce fixation at that stage.
A person fixated at the oral stage when the infant is totally
dependent upon others for satisfaction of needs may, as an adult, be
excessively dependent and overly fond of such oral pleasures as
eating, drinking or smoking.
A person fixated at the anal stage may be abnormally concerned
with cleanliness and orderliness
For Freud, the first six years of childhood are most critical for
personality development. What happens to the individual in later life
is fashioned during the child’s first six years.
Erik Erikson
Erikson’s stages of personality
development.
Eight ages of man.
Age (stage) Developmental Central issue Significant Favourable
task relations outcome
0-18 months Trust vs mistrust Testing of the trustworthiness of the infant’s Mother Faith
(infancy) significant others
18 months-3 years Autonomy vs. Testing of individual capabilities in relation to Parents Will
(early childhood) shame and doubt significant others
3-6 years Initiative vs guilt Testing out abilities to complete in the outside Basic Purpose
(middle childhood) world. family
6-12 years Industry vs Gaining mastery of cultural tools. School Competence
(late childhood) inferiority
13-19 years Identity vs role Developing a sense of personal idenitity Peer groups Fidelity
(adolescence) diffusion
20-30 years Intimacy vs. Merging of identity with another to achieve Friends Love
(early adulthood) isolation intimacy
30-65 years Generativity vs. Investing creative energies in promoting the Household Care
(middle age) stagnation social welfare
65-death Ego integrity vs Acceptance of the life one has lived as worth Mankind Wisdom
(old age) despair while
Infancy : birth to 18 months
Trust vs Mistrust
Basic Strength: Faith
At birth, newborn does not differentiate itself from
parents. As the parents begin to care for the
newborn, their feelings and attitude toward the
newborn will begin to develop the baby’s self-
concept.
If he pass successfully through this period of life, he
will learn to trust that life is basically okay and have
basic confidence in future and result in positive self-
esteem.
If he fail to experience trust and are constantly
frustrated because our needs are not met, we may
end up with a deep seated feeling of worthiness and
a mistrust of world in general results in the
emotional dissatisfaction with self and
suspiciousness of others, thereby promote negative
self-esteem.
Early childhood: 18 months to 3 years
Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
Basic strength : self-control, courage and will
With motor and mental development leads to
greater movement and independence within
environment. The child begins active exploration
and experimentation.
Achievement of task results in a sense of self-
control as well as feeling of self-confidence.
It he feel shame in the process of toilet training or in
learning other skills, feel great shame and doubt of
our capabilities or suffer low self-esteem as lack of
self-confidence, lack of pride in ability to perform.
Play age: 3 to 6 years.
Initiative vs Guilt
Basic strength: purpose
During this period he experience a desire to copy
the adults around him and take initiative in creating
play situations.
Positive self-esteem is gained through initiative
when creativity is encouraged and performance is
recognized and positively reinforced.
Guidance and discipline that rely heavily on
shaming the child creates guilt and result in
decrease in self-esteem.
School age: 6 to 12 years
Industry vs Inferiority
Basic strength: method and competence
Self-confidence is gained at this stage through learning,
competing, performing successfully and receiving
recognition from significant others.
Negative self-esteem is result of non-achievement,
unrealistic expectations.
Adolescence: 13 to 19 years
Identity vs Role confusion
Basic strength: devotion and fidelity
Positive self-esteem occurs when individuals are
allowed to experience independence by making
decision that their lives.
Failure to develop a new self-definition results in a
sense of self consciousness, doubt and confusion
about one’s role in life.
Young adulthood : 20 to 30 years.
Intimacy vs isolation
Basic strength: Affiliation and love.
Positive self-esteem occurs when individuals are
allowed to experience independence by making
decisions that influence their lives.
Failure to achieve intimacy results in behaviours such
as withdrawal, social isolation, aloneness and
inability to form lasting relationships, causing a
severe impairment
Middle adulthood: 30 to 55 or 65 years
Generativity vs self-absorption or stagnation
Basic strength: production and care.
Generativity promotes positive self-esteem through
gratification from personal and professional
contributions to others.
Failure to achieve generativity occurs when earlier
development tasks are not fulfilled .He or she lacks
self worth and became withdrawn and isolated.
Late adulthood; 55 or 65 to death
Integrity vs Despair
Basic strength: wisdom
Ego integrity results in a sense of self-worth and
self- acceptance as one reviews life goals, accepting
that some were achieved and some were not.
Individual in despair possess a sense of self-
contempt and disgust with how life has progressed.
They feel worthless and helpless.
Age (stage) Developmental Central issue Significant Favourable
task relations outcome
0-18 months Trust vs mistrust Testing of the trustworthiness of the infant’s Mother Faith
(infancy) significant others
18 months-3 years Autonomy vs. Testing of individual capabilities in relation to Parents Will
(early childhood) shame and doubt significant others
3-6 years Initiative vs guilt Testing out abilities to complete in the outside Basic Purpose
(middle childhood) world. family
6-12 years Industry vs Gaining mastery of cultural tools. School Competence
(late childhood) inferiority
13-19 years Identity vs role Developing a sense of personal idenitity Peer groups Fidelity
(adolescence) diffusion
20-30 years Intimacy vs. Merging of identity with another to achieve Friends Love
(early adulthood) isolation intimacy
30-65 years Generativity vs. Investing creative energies in promoting the Household Care
(middle age) stagnation social welfare
65-death Ego integrity vs Acceptance of the life one has lived as worth Mankind Wisdom
(old age) despair while
Understanding of personality will help the nurse to
predict her behavior as well as the behavior of
others.
The knowledge of id , ego and superego will assist
in the assessment of developmental level.
Can plan care to assist individuals in fulfilling the
tasks &moving on to a higher development level.
Assisting, teaching and advising the parents,
teachers and family’s responsibility in developing
and achieving developmental task in personality.
1. Observation
Participatory observation
Non participatory observation
2. Situational test
Questionnaire
Psychometric tests & behavioral
observation
Personality inventory
Interview
3. Projective technique
The Rorschach ink – blot test
Thematic apperception test ( TAT)
Children apperception test (CAT)
Word association test
Sentence completion test
94
Refers to disturbance of consciousness.
Less aware about surrounding environment.
Excessive agitated, drowsy, sluggish.
Thinking appears to be cloudy, slow or
inappropriate.
Slurred speech
Delirium is Acute Organic Brain Syndrome.
Delirium is not a disease, but a syndrome that can
occur as a result of many different underlying
conditions.
Delirium is also called Acute Confusional State.
Delirium is a transient ,abrupt, usually
reversible syndrome characterized by a
disturbance that impairs consciousness,
cognition (ability to think), and perception
Are the false fixed beliefs that people hold
despite evidence to the contrary.
Persecutory delusions.
Grandiose delusions.
Somatic delusions.
Sensory perception without any external
stimuli .
Auditory
Visual
Olfactory
Gustatory
Tactile
No logical connection between thoughts or
between question & answer.
Simple question with long & rambling
answers.
Disorganized Behavior
Doing unusual things like undressing.
Mania
Depression
apathetic
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