Environmental Sciences and
Sustainability
WMES 6101B
Course Teacher:
Dr. Md. Mostafizur Rahman
Associate professor
Department of Environmental Science
Jahangirnagar University
Email: rahmanmm@[Link]
Google Scholar ID: [Link]
Research gate ID:
[Link]
What is solid wastes?
Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from
human and animal activities that are normally solid
and that are discarded as useless or unwanted.
What is solid wastes?
Solid wastes can be solid, liquid, semi-solid, or
containerized gaseous material
Food Waste , Cloth , Brick, Wood, Metal & Glass ,
Polythene, Industrial waste, Hospital Waste &
Paper Waste
Composition of solid wastes
Food Waste , Cloth , Brick, Wood, Metal & Glass ,
Polythene, Industrial waste, Hospital Waste &
Paper Waste
Dhaka is one of the most polluted cities in the
world and one of the concerning issues is the
poor management of municipal waste
1. Throw waste here and there
Why? Poor waste management
1. Don’t segregate at the source
Landfill leachate
• Leachate is the liquid that drains or ‘leaches’ from a landfill. It
varies widely in composition regarding the age of the landfill
and the type of waste that it contains.
• It usually contains both dissolved and suspended material.
Why leachate is harmful for soil and water?
When landfill waste degrades and rain rinses
the resulting products out, leachate is formed.
The black liquid contains
organic and inorganic chemicals,
heavy metals as well as
pathogens;
it can pollute the groundwater and therefore
represents a health risk
landfill leachate (with improper lining/no lining)
mobilization in groundwater and surface water
Impact of solid waste disposal on surrounding
environment of Matuail landfill site of Dhaka city.
Dumping areas: Cu, Zn and Pb concentrations were
high
Plant in the surrounding areas: Cu, Zn and Pb
concentrations exceeded the permissible limits
Leachate: DO, BOD, COD and TDS exceeded inland
surface water standard
The bioaccumulation of fish from treated pond is
extremely high of Fe, Mn, Pb and Ni that exceeded the
WHOs permissible limit.
Hossain et al., 2018
Microplastic are anthropogenic pollutants that accumulate
in marine and freshwater ecosystems globally
Microplastics (MPs) are synthetic polymer particles
having a size smaller than 5mm
Primary microplastics
Microbeads, in consumer products
and air blasting pellets
Secondary microplastics
plastic debris originating from photo or chemical
degradation processes of larger plastics such as plastic
wastes and lost fishing nets
(Lehtiniemi et al., 2018; Syberg et al., 2015)
The microplastics (MPs) contamination in fish species is one of the
modern environmental problems because of the proliferation of
plastic contamination in the environments.
We need waste management
Waste management are the activities and
actions required to manage waste from its
inception to its final disposal. This includes the
• collection,
• transport,
• treatment and
• disposal of waste,
• together with monitoring and regulation of
the waste management process.
According to the properties of the waste, they
can be divided into 5 types
1. Biodegradable waste
2. Nonbiodegradable waste;
3. Electronic waste
4. Hazardous waste
5. Medical waste
Energy Recovery from the Combustion of
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of non-
recyclable waste materials into usable
•heat,
•electricity,
•or fuel
through a variety of processes, including
combustion,
gasification,
pyrolization,
anaerobic digestion and
landfill gas recovery.
This process is often called waste to energy.
Energy Recovery from Combustion
Municipal solid waste is usually burned at special waste-to-
energy plants that use the heat from the fire to make steam for
generating electricity or to heat buildings
Energy Recovery from Combustion
At an MSW combustion facility, MSW is unloaded from
collection trucks and placed in a trash storage bunker. An
overhead crane sorts the waste and then lifts it into a
combustion chamber to be burned. The heat released from
burning converts water to steam, which is then sent to a turbine
generator to produce electricity.
The remaining ash is collected and taken to a landfill where a
high-efficiency baghouse filtering system captures particulates.
As the gas stream travels through these filters, more than 99
percent of particulate matter is removed. Captured fly ash
particles fall into hoppers (funnel-shaped receptacles) and are
transported by an enclosed conveyor system to the ash
discharger. They are then wetted to prevent dust and mixed
with the bottom ash from the grate. The facility transports the
ash residue to an enclosed building where it is loaded into
covered, leak-proof trucks and taken to a landfill designed to
protect against groundwater contamination.
Advantages of Waste Incineration (combustion)
•Decreases quantity of waste.
•Production of heat and power.
•Reduction of Pollution.
•Incinerators have filters for trapping pollutants.
•Saves on Transportation of Waste.
•Provides better control over odor and noise.
•Prevent the production of methane gas.
•Eliminates harmful germs and chemicals.
Disadvantages of Waste Incineration
[Link] is expensive
[Link] the environment
[Link] possibility of long-term problems
4. Ash waste can potentially harm people
and the environment
The majority of waste worldwide is currently still being
disposed of on landfills without any or proper treatment.
The landfills itself are mostly just big deposit sites located
in valleys or depressions without any protection of ground
water. This means that fast total quantity of waste ends on
landfills.
Some developing countries have in recent years
successfully introduced material recovery of separately
collected fractions and mechanical and biological
treatment (MBT) of waste. The latter has somewhat
reduced emissions of greenhouse gases from waste
disposal.
Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as
agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material,
sewage, green waste or food waste. ... Biogas is produced by
anaerobic digestion with methanogen or anaerobic organisms,
which digest material inside a closed system, or fermentation of
biodegradable materials.
Waste disposal in Japan
In general, garbage ( ごみ , gomi) is separated
into:
1. burnable,
2. non-burnable and
3. recyclable items.
Travelers and waste disposal
The number of public garbage cans in Japan is very
small, and people are often asked to bring their trash
home for disposal.
Places where public garbage cans can be found include
some train stations and convenience stores
Residents and waste disposal
•Burnable garbage is usually collected on two or
three days during the week, while non-burnable
garbage is usually collected once a week.
•The disposal of large-sized garbage such as
furniture, bicycles and electric appliances is
handled by a special collection service against a
pick-up fee, usually on an appointment basis, or by
dropping it off at designated collection sites.
•Toxic and hazardous items should also be handled
separately.
Strategy of solid waste management
Waste collected regularly at collection points
Burnable waste
Food waste, plastic products, dirty paper, cloths, cloth,
leather, rubber & vinyl, and wood & wooden products are
included in burnable waste, which is collected twice a week.
Non-burnable waste
Domestic appliances, metal products, brick blocks, glass,
ceramics, flourescent tubes etc., which are collected once
every 4 weeks.
* Glass and ceramics and knives must be wrapped in thick
paper and placed in a designated disposal bag separate
from other non-burnable waste. The bag must be marked
" キケン " (dangerous).
Waste collected regularly at collection points
Pressurized spray cans, Gas cartridge
After using up the product, place the containers in
a clear or semi-clear bag and dispose on the same
day as the “Non-burnable waste.” Do not dispose in
the designated bags for charged waste. Do not
pucture the containers.
Lighters
After using up the product, place the liin a clear or
semi-clear bag and dispose on the same day as
the “Non-burnable waste.”
Waste collected regularly at collection points
Bottles, cans, and PET bottles
Take them to the collection sites after you drain the product and
rinse the content with water. Collection days are once a week.
Plastic containers and packaging
This category includes packaging, disposable cups and bowls,
plastic bottles, plastic trays, plastic bags and kitchen wrap,
plastic lids, labels, nets, tubes, cushioning material, polystyrene
foam packaging material, etc. Discard the remains inside and
rinse the containers with water before disposing. Collection
days are once a week.
•Miscellaneous paper
Paper boxes, paper cartons, paper cups and lids, shredded or
cut up paper, paper mounting bases, calendars, receipts,
wrapping paper, paper bags, cores from toilet paper rolls,
postcards, letters, envelopes, pictures, etc. are collected once
every two weeks.
Thanks!