Periodic Table of Elements

chlorin
e nitrogen
silver
gold
mercury
oxygen hydrogen
helium
sodium niobium
neodymium
carbon
 Elements
 Science has come along
way since Aristotle’s
theory of Air, Water, Fire,
and Earth.
 Scientists have identified
90 naturally occurring
elements, and created
about 28 others.
Elements
 The elements,
alone or in
combinations,
make up our
bodies, our
world, our sun,
and in fact, the
entire universe.
The most abundant element in the
earth’s crust is oxygen.
 Periodic Table
 The periodic table organizes the elements in a
particular way. A great deal of information
about an element can be gathered from its
position in the period table.
 For example, you can predict with reasonably
good accuracy the physical and chemical
properties of the element. You can also predict
what other elements a particular element will
react with chemically.
 Understanding the organization and plan of the
periodic table will help you obtain basic
information about each of the 118 known
elements.
Key to the Periodic Table
 Elements are organized on
the table according to their
atomic number, usually found
near the top of the square.
 The atomic number refers
to how many protons an
atom of that element has.
 For instance, hydrogen has
1 proton, so it’s atomic
number is 1.
 The atomic number is
unique to that element. No
two elements have the
same atomic number.
 What’s in a square?
 Different periodic tables
can include various bits
of information, but
usually:
 atomic number
 symbol
 atomic mass
 number of valence
electrons
 state of matter at room
temperature.
 Atomic Number
 This refers to how many
protons an atom of that
element has.
 No two elements, have
the same number of
protons.

Bohr Model of Hydrogen Atom

Wave Model
 Atomic Mass
 Atomic Mass refers to
the “weight” of the atom.
 It is derived at by adding
the number of protons
with the number of
neutrons.
This
H
is a helium atom. Its
atomic mass is 4
(protons plus neutrons).

What is its atomic

 View CD-ROM Atoms and Elements
Atomic Mass and Isotopes
 While most atoms
have the same number
of protons and
neutrons, some don’t.
 Some atoms have
more or less neutrons
than protons. These
are called isotopes.
 An atomic mass
number with a decimal
is the total of the
number of protons plus
the average number of
neutrons.
Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)
 The unit of
measurement for
an atom is an AMU.
It stands for atomic
mass unit.
 One AMU is equal
to the mass of one
proton.
 Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)
 There are
6 X 1023 or
600,000,000,000,000,
000,000,000 amus in
one gram.
 (Remember that
electrons are 2000
times smaller than
one amu).
Symbols
 All elements have

C Carbon
their own unique
symbol.
 It can consist of a

Cu
single capital letter,
or a capital letter
and one or two
Copper lower case letters.
Common Elements and Symbols
 Valence Electrons
 The number of valence
electrons an atom has
may also appear in a
square.
 Valence electrons are the
electrons in the outer
energy level of an atom.
 These are the electrons
that are transferred or
shared when atoms bond
together.
 Properties of Metals
 Metals are good conductors
of heat and electricity.
 Metals are shiny.
 Metals are ductile (can be
stretched into thin wires).
 Metals are malleable (can
be pounded into thin
sheets).
 A chemical property of
metal is its reaction with
water which results in
corrosion.
Properties of Non-Metals
 Non-metals are poor
conductors of heat
and electricity.
 Non-metals are not
ductile or malleable.
 Solid non-metals are
brittle and break
easily.
 They are dull.
 Many non-metals are
Sulfur gases.
Properties of Metalloids
 Metalloids (metal-like)
have properties of both
metals and non-metals.
 They are solids that can
be shiny or dull.
 They conduct heat and
electricity better than
non-metals but not as
well as metals.
 They are ductile and
malleable.
Silicon
 Families Periods
 Columns of elements are  Each horizontal row of
called groups or families. elements is called a
 Elements in each family period.
have similar but not  The elements in a period
identical properties. are not alike in properties.
 For example, lithium (Li),
 In fact, the properties
change greatly across
sodium (Na), potassium even given row.
(K), and other members of  The first element in a
family IA are all soft, period is always an
white, shiny metals. extremely active solid. The
 All elements in a family last element in a period, is
have the same number of always an inactive gas.
valence electrons.
Hydrogen
 The hydrogen square sits atop Family
AI, but it is not a member of that family.
Hydrogen is in a class of its own.
 It’s a gas at room temperature.
 It has one proton and one electron in its
one and only energy level.
 Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to fill
up its valence shell.
 Alkali Metals
 The alkali family is found in
the first column of the
periodic table.
 Atoms of the alkali metals
have a single electron in
their outermost level, in
other words, 1 valence
electron.
 They are shiny, have the
consistency of clay, and are
easily cut with a knife.
Alkali Metals
 They are the most
reactive metals.
 They react violently
with water.
 Alkali metals are
never found as free
elements in nature.
They are always
bonded with
another element.
What does it mean to be
reactive?
 We will be describing elements according to their
reactivity.
 Elements that are reactive bond easily with other
elements to make compounds.
 Some elements are only found in nature bonded
with other elements.
 What makes an element reactive?
 An incomplete valence electron level.
 All atoms (except hydrogen) want to have 8 electrons in
their very outermost energy level (This is called the rule of
octet.)
 Atoms bond until this level is complete. Atoms with few
valence electrons lose them during bonding. Atoms with 6,
7, or 8 valence electrons gain electrons during bonding.
5
Alkaline Earth Metals
 They are never found uncombined in nature.
 They have two valence electrons.
 Alkaline earth metals include magnesium
and calcium, among others.
Transition Metals
 Transition Elements
include those elements
in the B families.
 These are the metals
you are probably most
familiar: copper, tin,
zinc, iron, nickel, gold,
and silver.
 They are good
conductors of heat and
electricity.
Transition Metals

 The compounds of transition metals are usually

brightly colored and are often used to color paints.
 Transition elements have 1 or 2 valence electrons,
which they lose when they form bonds with other
atoms. Some transition elements can lose electrons
in their next-to-outermost level.
Transition Elements
 Transition elements have properties
similar to one another and to other
metals, but their properties do not fit in
with those of any other family.
 Many transition metals combine
chemically with oxygen to form
compounds called oxides.
 Boron Family
 The Boron Family is
named after the first
element in the family.
 Atoms in this family have 3
valence electrons.
 This family includes a
metalloid (boron), and the
rest are metals.
 This family includes the
most abundant metal in the
earth’s crust (aluminum).
 Carbon Family
 Atoms of this family have
4 valence electrons.
 This family includes a
non-metal (carbon),
metalloids, and metals.
 The element carbon is
called the “basis of life.”
There is an entire branch
of chemistry devoted to
carbon compounds called
organic chemistry.
 Nitrogen Family
 The nitrogen family is named
after the element that makes
up 78% of our atmosphere.
 This family includes non-
metals, metalloids, and
metals.
 Atoms in the nitrogen family
have 5 valence electrons.
They tend to share electrons
when they bond.
 Other elements in this family
are phosphorus, arsenic,
antimony, and bismuth.
 Oxygen Family
 Atoms of this family have 6
valence electrons.
 Most elements in this family
share electrons when
forming compounds.
 Oxygen is the most
abundant element in the
earth’s crust. It is extremely
active and combines with
almost all elements.
 Halogen Family
 The elements in this
family are fluorine,
chlorine, bromine,
iodine, and astatine.
 Halogens have 7
valence electrons, which
explains why they are Halogen atoms only need
the most active non- to gain 1 electron to fill their
metals. They are never outermost energy level.
found free in nature. They react with alkali
metals to form salts.
Noble Gases

 Noble Gases are colorless gases that are extremely un-

reactive.
 One important property of the noble gases is their inactivity.
They are inactive because their outermost energy level is full.
 Because they do not readily combine with other elements to
form compounds, the noble gases are called inert.
 The family of noble gases includes helium, neon, argon,
krypton, xenon, and radon.
 All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's
atmosphere.
Rare Earth Elements
 The thirty rare earth
elements are composed
of the lanthanide and
actinide series.
 One element of the
lanthanide series and
most of the elements in
the actinide series are
called trans-uranium,
which means synthetic or
man-made.
 Mendeleev
 In 1869, Dmitri Ivanovitch
Mendeléev created the first accepted
version of the periodic table.
 He grouped elements according to
their atomic mass, and as he did, he
found that the families had similar
chemical properties.
 Blank spaces were left open to add
the new elements he predicted
would occur.
Matter
 All matter is composed of atoms and groups
of atoms bonded together, called molecules.
 Substances that are made from one type of
atom only are called pure substances.
 Substances that are made from more than one
type of atom bonded together are called
compounds.
 Compounds that are combined physically, but
not chemically, are called mixtures.
 Elements, Compounds,
Mixtures
 Sodium is an element.
 Chlorine is an
element.
 When sodium and
chlorine bond they
make the compound
sodium chloride,
commonly known as Compounds have different properties
than the elements that make them up.
table salt.
Table salt has different properties than
sodium, an explosive metal, and chlorine,
a poisonous gas.
 Elements, Compounds,
Mixtures
 Hydrogen is an element.
 Oxygen is an element.
 When hydrogen and
oxygen bond they make
the compound water.
 When salt and water are
combined, a mixture is
created. Compounds in
mixtures retain their
individual properties. The ocean
is a
Elements, compounds, and
mixtures
 Mixtures can be separated by physical
means.
 Compounds can only be separated by
chemical means.
 Elements are pure substances. When the
subatomic particles of an element are
separated from its atom, it no longer retains
the properties of that element.