INTRODUCTION

 Water Transportation is concerned with conveyance of people

and goods in vehicles that float upon water.
 Waterways have great historic importance in the development of
civilizations and in the growth of nations.
 Rivers and seas provided primitive man with his first facility for
mass transportation of goods.
 Waterways can be classified broadly as Oceanic waterways and
inland waterways.
 Oceanic waterways are concerned with the conveyance of people and
goods primarily across the ocean between continents or island.
 Inland waterways consist of water transportation on rivers, lakes and
canals within the main land.
 River transportation became popular in India since 1855.

 The total perennial waterways in India are 65,600 km out of which

41,600 km are of rivers and 24,000 km canals.
 ADVANTAGES OF WATER
TRANSPORTATION
• Around the world 82% of International trade in tons and 94% of
world trade in tons-kilometers are moved by shipping and thereby
through ports.
• Specific function, objectives and the advantages derived from water
transportations facilities are summarized below:

 Easiest and cheapest mode of communication by utilization of natural

surfaces of canals, rivers and oceans, as the element of friction during
traction and maintenance are less than road transport.
 Require cheap manual, wind and steam motive power.
 Higher load carrying capacity for bulky and heavy commodities.
 Development of industry.
 Development of commerce and expansion of trades.
 Development of agriculture.
 Development of natural resources and their effective use.
 Discovery of new island is possible.
 Development of economic progress and international contact.
 Provide enhanced mobility and promotes social and political
unity.
 Assistance in the problem of national defense.
 DISADVANTAGES OF WATER
TRANSPORTATION
 It requires more time due to slow speed and circuitous routes. Final
docking stages require greater skill.
 Mountainous rivers and waterfalls hinder water transportation.
Require better position fixing and obstruction detecting systems to
avoid surface collision.
 Frequent storms results in great loss of life and material.
 Rapid growth in demand which is more than the capacity of
existing facilities.
 Vessels oil spillage, noise smoke and fumes cause pollution and
endanger marine lives.
 Uncertainty problem, like energy shortage problem due to political
and natural causes.
 Energy conservation concern because of energy problem of
transportation development.
PORT AUTHORITIES, BODIES AND
ASSOCIATIONS
 National Association of port Authorities
 National Coast Guard
 National Bureau of Customs
 Immigration and Naturalization Service
 National maritime Administration
 The Bureau of Foreign Commerce
 Interstate Commerce Commission
 Department of Agriculture
 Quarantine
 Security Associations
 Waterfront Commissions
 PORTS IN INDIA
• India has a coastline spanning 7516.6 kilometers,
forming one of the biggest peninsulas in the world. It
is serviced by 13 major ports, 200 notified minor and
intermediate ports. The total 200 non-major ports
are in the following States:- Gujarat (42);
Maharashtra (48); Tamil Nadu (15); Karnataka (10);
Kerala (17); Andhra Pradesh (12); Odisha (13); Goa
(5); West Bengal (1); Daman and Diu (2);
Lakshadweep (10); Pondicherry (2); and Andaman &
Nicobar (23)
 MAJOR PORTS IN INDIA
Name of the Port Coast State
Kandla Western Coast Gujarat
Mumbai Western Coast Maharashtra
Jawaharlal Nehru Western Coast Maharashtra
Marmugoa Western Coast Goa
Manglore Western Coast Karnataka
Cochin Western Coast Kerala
Haldia Eastern Coast West Bengal
Paradip Eastern Coast Odisha
Vishakapatnam Eastern Coast Andhra Pradesh
Chennai Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu
Ennore Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu
Tutikorin Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu
Gujarat pipavav port Western coast Gujarat
Interesting Facts about Major Ports
of India
• Kandla Port is located on the Gulf of Kutch. It is the
largest port of India by volume of cargo handled.
• Mormugao Port is the leading iron ore exporting port
of India with an annual throughput of around 27.33
million tonnes of iron ore traffic.
• Panambur is the site of sea port called New
Mangalore Port.
• Paradip Port is an artificial and deep-water port.
• Tuticorin Port is officially known as VO
Chidambaranar Port.
• Ennore Port, officially renamed Kamarajar Port Limited, is the
only corporatised major port and is registered as a company.
• Jawaharlal Nehru Port is the largest container port in India. It
was formerly known as Nhava Sheva port.
• New Mangalore Port is a deep water all weather port and the
only major port of Karnataka.
• Tuticorin Port is an artificial deep-sea harbour of India.
• Madras Port is the one of the oldest port of India and the
second largest port in the country.
• Mumbai Port handles one-fifth of India’s foreign trade with
predominance in dry cargo and mineral oil from the Gulf
countries.
 Kandla Port- Gujarat:
• Gujarat host the major seaport of west coast, The
Kandla Port is situated on the Gulf of Kutch near the
Gandhidham city in Kutch District of Gujarat. The
Port of Kandla is the first special economic zone in
India as well as in Asia, Kandla Port is hub for major
imports like petroleum, chemicals and iron also
export grains,salt and textiles. Port of Kandla is one
of the highest earning ports of India, another port in
Gujarat is Mundra Port,India’s largest private port.
OVERVIEW OF KANDLA PORT
MODERN WAREHOUSES
NEW GENERATION WHARF CRANES
CONTAINER HANDLING GANTRY
CRANES
 Nhava Sheva- Maharashtra:
• Nhava Sheva now known as Jawaharlal Nehru Port is
the largest container port in India, situated at the
mainland of Konkan area across the Navi Mumbai
Maharashtra. Jawaharlal Nehru Port is the king port
of Arabian Sea at west cost and handle a large
volume of international container traffic and
domestic cargo traffic. The major exports are
textiles,carpets,boneless meat and main imports are
machinery,vegetable oils and chemicals.
 Marmagao port- Goa:
• The main port of Goa,Marmagao port is a best
natural harbors of India located in South Goa.
Marmagao port is one of the leading iron ores
exporter port in India and raw materials [Link] port
of Marmagao is one of the major attraction of Goa
along with the beautiful city of Vasco da Gama and
international airport Dabolim. The natural harbor of
Goa is one of India’s earliest modern ports.
 Cochin Port- Kerala:
• The Cochin port is one of the largest port in India and
the major port on the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean sea
route. The port of Cochin lies on two islands of
Willingdon and Vallarpadam and the largest container
transshipment facility in India. Kochi Port is equipped
with maritime facilities Cochin Shipyard,Kochi Refineries
and Kochi Marina. Kochi city is famous for its traditional
spices and well known as the port city of Fort Kochi
during the European colonials. It also get its individual
Kochi international airport, third international airport in
the state of Kerala.
 KOLKATA / HALDIA
 Old and established port with
promising hinterland,
 0.045 million TEUs handled every
year,
 Closer to land locked countries of
Nepal and Bhutan.

 Acute shortage of space and

hence often congested,
 Riverine Port - severe draft
restrictions ,
 Absence of efficient
container handling systems,
 No possibility of further
expansions.
 VISAKHAPATNAM

• In the middle of the fastest developing region in India.

• Efficient container handling infrastructure
• Ample space and un-congested
• Deepest container terminal on the East Coast of India
• Possibility for further expansions
• Well connected to central, eastern, and southern India
both by road and rail
• Feasible to cater to 5 ICDs across India and Nepal
• Proximity to the straits of Malacca
 Ennore Port
• Ennore Port, officially renamed Kamarajar
Port Limited, is located on the Coromandel
Coast about 24 km north of Chennai Port,
Chennai, it is the 12th major port of India, and
the first port in India which is a public
company.[2] The Kamarajar Port Limited is the
only corporatised major port and is registered
as a company.
ENNORE PORT
 CHENNAI

• Efficient container handling infrastructure

• 1 million plus throughput
• New capacity added ( CITPL )
• Hinterland with large manufacturing base
• Presence of major Mainline and Feeder services
 Tuticorin Port
• [Link] Port, formerly Tuticorin Port,[5]
is one of the 13 major ports in India. It was declared
to be a major port on 11 July 1974. It is second-
largest port in Tamil Nadu and fourth-largest
container terminal in [Link] Sethusamudram
Shipping Canal Project V.O.C Port will be India's
premier port and one of the major ports of Asia
equal to Port of Singapore. [Link] Port is
an artificial port.[6] This is the third international port
in Tamil Nadu and its second all-weather port
 CONTENTS
 Harbour & Port

 Harbour Components

 Requirements Of Good Harbour

 Classification Of Harbours

 Classification Of Ports

 Harbour Planning

 Site Selection For Harbour

 Size Of Harbour

 Ship Characteristics
 HARBOUR:-
The sheltered area of the sea in which vessels could be launched, built or
repaired, or could seek refuge during storm time and provide loading and
unloading facilities of cargo and passengers is called harbour.
A harbour may be natural or partly dug out, or even made with floating
materials. It doesn't have gates, but may have a narrow entrance.
• Provides safe anchoring or mooring for ships
 PORT:-
A port is a harbour where marine terminal facilities are provided.
A port is a place which regularly provides accommodation for the
transfer of cargo and passengers to and from the ships.
Port = Harbour + Storage Facility + Communication Facility + Other
Terminal Facility.
From above,
It can be stated that a port includes a harbour i.e. every port is a harbour.
Entrance Channel
Break Water
Turning Basin
Shelter Basin
Pier
Wharf
Quay
Dry Dock
Wet Dock
Jetty
 ENTRANCE CHANNEL:-

Water area from which ships enter in the harbour and it

should have sufficient width, 100 for small harbour, 100 to 160m for medium
and 160 to 260m for large harbour.
APPROACH CHANNEL: The dredged clear channel through which ships
proceed from the open sea to the harbour basin is known as approach channel.
 BREAK WATER:-

A protective barrier made up of Concrete or Course Rubble

Masonry constructed from shore towards the sea to enclose harbour .
 TURNING BASIN:-
It is water area which is required for maneuvering the ship
after entering to the harbour and it is large enough to permit free turning.
 SHELTER BASIN:-
It is area protected by shore and breakwater.
• ENTRANCE CHANNEL:
– Depth and width are kept more at entrance
– Width depends upon density of traffic and no: of
entrances
 PIER:-
It is a solid platform at which berthing of ships on both the
sides are possible.
 WHARF:-
It is a docking platform constructed parallel to shoreline
providing berthing facility on one side only.
 QUAY:-
It is also dock parallel to the shore which is solid structure
providing berthing on one side and retaining the earth on the other.
 DRY DOCK:-
It is a chamber provided for maintenance, repairs
and construction of ships. It includes walls, floor and gate.
 WET DOCK:-
Due to variation in tidal level, an enclosed basin is
provided where in number of ships can be berthed. It has an entrance which
is controlled by a lock gate.
 JETTY:-
A piled solid or open type structure built out from the shore
to deep water to berth vessels along side is called a jetty.
or
It is a narrow structure projecting from the shore into the deep water with
berths on both sides and some times on end also
QUAY:-
It is also dock parallel to the shore which is solid structure
providing berthing on one side and retaining the earth on the other.
 DRY DOCK:-
It is a chamber provided for maintenance, repairs
and construction of ships. It includes walls, floor and gate.
• BARGES: The vessels which require less depth of water are called
barges.
• BASIN: The water area formed in a port on the sea coast protected
by an out laying break water is called Basin.
• BERTH: The space where cargo is unloaded or loaded into a vessel
is known as berth.
• BREAKWATERS: The protective barriers constructed to enclose
harbours and keep the harbour waters undisturbed by the effect of
heavy and strong seas are called break waters.
• DOCK: the enclosed area provided for berthing ships to keep them
afloat at a uniform level to facilitate loading and unloading is called
the dock.
• APRON:
The open space left immediately in front of a berth of a ship
is known as apron.
• ESTUARY: The harbour constructed along the banks of a
river is known as estuary harbour or river harbour.
• HINTER LAND: The area on the land side of the port from
where the port may get freight and passengers for
transportation is known as hinterland.
 LITTORAL DRIFT: The exposed coasts are subjected to
erosion at certain sections and siltation at some other sections
due to wind and waves striking the shore. These waves tend to
stir up and move the lighter particles of the sand in
suspension. This process of movement and deposition of sand
near the fore shore is known as littoral drift.
• WHARVES: The landing platforms or places in the form of walls
built near the shore for vessels to berth are known as wharves.
• TRANSIT SHEDS: A covered arrangement for a temporary
storage of incoming and out going cargo requiring protection and
storage for a short time is called transit shed.
• WARE HOUSES: The permanent structures provided on shore or
behind transit sheds for storage for goods for longer periods are
known as ware houses or storage go downs.
• NAVIGATIONAL AIDS: the devices such as lights, signals used
to guide and warn safe, efficient, economic and comfortable travel
of ships in rivers, oceans and harbors are known as navigational
aids.
• PIER HEAD:
– The structure provided at the tip of break water
– Such as light house
• WHARVES:
– The structure constructed parallel to the shore or
break water, having wide plate form at the top
– Function is to permit berthing of vessel along side
for cargo working
• JETTIES:
– Same as wharves
– Used for loading and unloading of cargo
– Made usually from shore towards sea water to
prevent silting and dredging to allow free flow of
tidal currents
 It should be connected with roadway and railway.
 Surrounding land should be fertile and densely populated.
 Ship channels must have sufficient depth for draft or vessel.
 Breakwaters must be provided to protect against destructive wave
action.
 The bottom should furnished secure anchorage to hold ships against
the wind force.
 Numbers of quay, piers and wharfs should be sufficient for loading
and unloading cargo.
 It should have facilities like fuel, repair and etc. for ships.
 Harbour area should be sufficiently large.
 It should have enough cold storage.
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE PROTECTION NEEDED
 Natural Harbour:-
Harbour protected by storms and waves by natural
land contours, rocky out crops, or island that is called Natural
Contour. (Eg. Kandla port, Cochin port & Mumbai Harbour)
A harbor, is a place where ships, boats, and barges can seek shelter
from stormy weather
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE PROTECTION NEEDED
Semi - Natural Harbour:-
A semi – natural harbour is protected on the
sides by the contours of land and requires manmade protection
only to the entrance. (Eg. Mandvi, Veraval &
Visakhapatnam port)
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE PROTECTION NEEDED
Artificial Harbour:-
An artificial harbour is one which is manmade
and protected from storms and waves by engineering works.
(Eg. Chennai Harbour)
 Classification
of Harbour
Artificial Harbour:-

30/17
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON UTILITY
Commercial Harbour:-
It is an harbour in which docks are provided with
necessary facilities for loading and unloading of cargo.
The may be:
1. Part of bigger complex harbor
2. Independent unit or single commodity
harbor.
3. Terminal as oil terminal, coal port.

(Eg. Chennai Harbour)

Refuge Harbour:-
These are used as a heaven for ships in a storm or
it may be part of a commercial harbour.
 Classification
of Harbour
Requirements of Commercial Harbour:-
(i)Spacious accommodation for the mercantile marine.
(ii)Ample quay space and facilities for transporting, loading and unloading
cargo.
(iii)Storage sheds for cargo.
(iv)Good and quick repair facilities to avoid delay.
(v)More sheltered conditions as loading and unloading could be done with
advantage in calmer waters.
Commercial harbours could be situated on coasts or estuaries of big
rivers or even on inland river coasts.
They do not normally have any emergency demand like a harbour of
refuge and practically the size and number of ships using such harbours
are known factors.

32/17
Commercial Harbour
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON UTILITY
Military Harbour:-
It is a naval base for the purpose of
accommodating naval ships or vessels and it serves as a supply
depot.
(Eg. Mumbai Harbour & Cochin Harbour)
Fishing Harbour:-
These harbours have facilities for departure and
arrival of fishing ships. They have also necessary arrangement
to catch fish.
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON LOCATION

Ocean Harbour
River Harbour
Canal Harbour
Lake Harbour
Ocean Port:-
This is a port intended for large ocean going ships.

River Port:-
River port is located on the banks of the river inside
the land.

Entry Port:-
This is location where foreign citizens and goods
are cleared through custom house.

Free Port:-
This is an isolated and enclosed area within which
goods may be landed, stored, mixed, repacked, manufactured and
reshipped without payment of duties.
 It is necessary to carry out a topography survey of the neighborhood
including the foreshore and the depths of water in the vicinity.
 The borings and soundings should be taken to ascertain the character
of the ground.
 The borings on land should also be made so as to know the probable
subsurface conditions on land. It will be helpful in locating the
harbour works correctly.
 The nature of harbour, whether sheltered or not, should be studied.
 The existence of sea insects which undermine the foundations should
be noted.
 The problem of silting or erosion of coastline should be carefully
studied.
 The natural meteorological phenomena should be studied at site
especially with respect to frequency of storms, rainfall, range of tides,
maximum and minimum temperature, direction and intensity of
winds, humidity, direction and velocity of currents, etc.
 Great care ahs to be exercised at the time of making selection of
site for a harbour. The guiding factors which play a great role in choice
of site for a harbour are as follows:

Availability of cheap land and construction material;

Transport and communication facilities;
Natural protection from winds and waves;
Industrial development of the locality;
Sea – bed, subsoil and foundation conditions;
Traffic potentiality of harbour;
Availability of electrical energy and fresh water;
Favorable marine conditions;
Defense and strategic aspects; etc.
 Size of harbour depends upon the number and size of ships likely
to use the harbour at one time. Some of the biggest modern ships are
275m to 300m long and about 30m wide. There should be sufficient area
for maneuvering them without collision. Thus, the size is determined by:

Accommodation required.
 Convenience for maneuvering and navigation.
Adaptability to natural features.
WIDTH OF ENTRANCE TO THE HARBOUR:-
The entrance width should be in proportion to the size of the
harbour and ships using it. To reduce the wave height with in the harbour,
the entrance width should not be more than that necessary to provide safe
navigation and also to prevent dangerous currents, when the tide is coming
in and going out.

For Small Harbours = 90m

For Medium Harbours = 120 to 150m
For Large Harbours = 150 to 250m
WIDTH OF ENTRANCE CHANNEL:-
WIDTH OF ENTRANCE CHANNEL:-
The entrance channel width is divided into:

(I)Manouvering lane width = 2B

(II)Ship clearance lane width = B
(III)Bank clearance-depends on the side slopes.

From Fig.,
The width of entrance channel for single lane traffic,
L = 4B + 2 (bank clearance)
TURNING BASIN:-

The radius of turning basin should be equal to two times the

length of the largest ship calling at the harbour.

R = 2l

Where, R = Radius of turning basin,

l = length of the largest ship
WAVE HEIGHT WITHIN THE HARBOUR:-

Where, h = Height of reduced waves any point P in harbour,

m
H = Height of wave at entrance, m
B = Breadth of entrance, m
L = Breadth of harbour at P, m
D = Distance of P from entrance, m
DEPTH OF HARBOUR:-
The channel depth is generally determined by the
following formula:

Where, D’ = The draft of the largest ship to be

accommodated
H = The height of storm waves, crest to trough
D’’ = Allowance for squat.
 Since harbour is designed and constructed for
providing berthing and cargo handling facilities for the ships, it is
necessary to be familiar with the various ship features related to
harbour planning.
 LOAD LINE:-
It indicate a line showing the water level to which
they may legally be loaded.

DISPLACEMENT LOAD:-
The weight of ship and its contents when fully loaded
with cargo to the load line is known as displacement load.

DISPLACEMENT LIGHT:-
The weight of ship without cargo, fuel and stores is
known as displacement light.
 GROSS REGISTERED TOUNAGE (G. R. T):-
This is the total measured internal capacity of a ship
expressed in units of 2.83 m3 or [Link].

NET REGISTERED TOUNAGE (N. R. T):-

This is the carrying capacity of a ship expressed in
units of 2.83m3.

DEAD WEIGHT TOUNAGE (D. W. T):-

This is the carrying capacity of a ship by weight. It is
a weight of cargo, fuel, stores, passengers, crew etc.

D. W. T = Displacement Load – Displacement Light

 DISPLACEMENT TOUNAGE:-
This is the actual weight of the ship. It is the weight of
water displaced when afloat and may be either loaded or light.

DRAFT:-
It is the depth of the keel of the ship below water level.

CARGO TOUNAGE:-
It is a commercial expression which forms the basis of
freight charge. It can be measured by volume or weight.

BALLAST:-
It is the weight added in the ballast compartments of a
ship to increase its draft after it has discharged its cargo an dto
improve its stability.
 CONTENTS
 Wind

Waves

Tides

Currents
 Wind is horizontal movement of air due to differences in
air pressure which are caused by differential heating and cooling.
In short wind means air in motion.

 Wind Characteristics:-

 Direction of wind usually specified by compass.

Frequency of wind is the percentage of the time in a year it
will blow from a particular direction.
 Intensity gives the velocity of the wind.

Speed of wind is expressed in “knots” and wind strength

is measured in kmph.
(1 knot = 1.852 km/hr)
 Waves are periodic undulations of the sea surface. Water
waves are generated by transfer of energy from air moving over
the water.

Causes of Sea Waves:-

Wind,
Revolution of the earth,
Gravitational force of the moon and sun,
Earthquake,
Land slide and seashore,
Types of Sea Waves:-

Deep sea waves

Shallow sea waves
Oscillatory waves (unbroken waves, travelling in deep water)
Translatory waves
Capillary waves
Surfs (low height and long waves produced by wind)
Surges (produced by cyclone)
Tsunami (produced by eruption of volcano or earthquake)
DEEP SEA WAVE OSCILLATORY WAVES

CAPILLARY WAVES
 Wave Velocity:-

Where, L = Length
T = Wave Period

 Fetch:-
Straight line stretch of open water available for wave
growth without the interruption of land is called fetch.

Where, H = Wave Height (m)

F = Fetch (km)
 Wave Length:-

Where, L = Length of wave (m) =

T = Wave Period (sec)
 Wave Breaking:-
Waves break when the forward velocity of the crest
particles exceeds the velocity of the wave propagation itself in
deep water.

Ocean waves on breaking against marine structure give rise

to….

 Compression due to direct horizontal force,

 Shearing action at the projection on the face of the wall,
 Suction effect due to return water,
 Sea bed & Foundation disturbance due to downward force.
Above effects results in…..
Inertia Force
Vibration
Internal Pressure
Expansion and contraction of cavities of the structure.
 Wave Reflection:-
Non breaking waves are acting on a vertical wall (break
water), do not loose their energy by the impact but are
reflected.

Due to continuous interaction of the incidents and

reflected waves, a wave of higher height (2 to 3 times) is
formed which is called Standing Waves (Clapotis).
 Methods To Minimize Wave Reflection Inside The
Harbour:-

 Break water must in such a way that the reflected waves are not
diverted towards piers or any other structure.

 The interior slopes of breakwater can be designed for the wave

to break, which spend the wave energy.

 Special spending beaches can be planned at points of maximum

waves take place.
 Due to gravitational force of sun and moon there is rise
and fall in ocean waters called TIDES. The rise in water level
is called high tide and fall in water level is called low tides.

In Mediterranean sea, height is 0.5 to 1.0 m.

In the Gulf of fundy, height is 15 to 20m.

Connected to Atlantic Ocean, It is on the Atlantic Coast.

Completely enclosed by land.
Types of Tides:-

Spring Tide:- These are highest tides which occur when sun,
moon and earth fall in line.
Types of Tides:-

Neap Tide:- These are lowest tides which occur when the lines
connecting the earth with the sun and the moon form right angle.
Types of Tides:-

Semi-diurnal Tide:- These are the tides which occurs twice

each lunar day.

Lunar Day means time taken by moon to make a complete

revolution around the earth.

Diurnal Tide:- These are high tides occur only one time a day.
E.g. at Florida.
Types of Tides:-

Mixed Tide:- If one of the two daily high tides does not reach
the height of the previous tide, it is called a mixed tide. E.g. U. S.
A, California.

Tidal Bore:- These are high crested waves caused by the rush of
flood tide up a river. Regular occurrence in bay of fundy.
Uses of Tides:-

Tides can be used for harnessing the power.

Tides are used for entry and exit of ships in the harbour.
Fisherman takes an advantage of tides.
Ports remain clean due to tides.
High tide water can be used for harvesting salt.
 Horizontal movement of water is called current.

Causes of Currents:-

Tides,
Wind blowing over ocean,
Difference in temperature,
Turbidity of water,
Wave breaking at an angle of a beach.
Effects of Currents:-

Scouring and erosion,

Deposition(silting),
Increase in corrosion rate,
Delay in construction operations,
Significant forces on marine structure,
Loads on moored vessels.

It is desirable that to a large extent Harbours are free from

erosion and silting.
Types of Currents:-

Primary Current
Turbidity Current
Tidal and Wind drift Current
Wind stress Current
Littoral Current
Harbor site selection and
planning
 Harbor Site Investigation
•Hydrographic survey of the harbor and channel area.
•Topographic survey of the marine terminal area on
shore.
•Soil investigation by making boring and probing on
water.
•Tide and current observations.
•Data on wind, waves and earthquake.
•Cost of materials and labor.
•Available housing
•Local ordinances and building codes.
 Site Analysis
Natural Factors: Man-Made Factors
•Water location
•Physiographic, Cultural Attraction
•Orientation, Utilities
•Vegetation, Services
•View, Buildings
•Climate Roads
 Marine Survey
•Harbor planning, design and construction must be based on future
possibilities of using the extended facilities
•Marine or hydrographic survey is required for delineating accurately
– The submarine levels
– Contours and features of sea
– estuaries,
– Gulfs
– Rivers and lakes
and relating them to suitable datum as well as to shore control points
determined by methods of triangulation and connected to a truly
oriented geographical system
•Mean Sea Level (MSL) is the mean value of the water level at Mumbai
determined from the tide readings over a number of years
 SITE SELECTION
•Engineering considerations
•Defense and strategic aspects
 SITE SELECTION
Factors on which site selection depend are:
•Sea approach and marine conditions
•Sea borne traffic potential
•Availability of cheap land and construction materials
•Transport and communication facilities
•Natural protection from winds and waves
•Industrial development and potential of the locality
•Sea-bed, subsoil and foundation conditions
•Favorable marine conditions
•Traffic potentiality of harbor
•Electrical energy and fresh water supply
•Defense and strategic aspects
 SITE SELECTION
•Depth of water –expected shipping needs
•Low tidal rage, currents, wind and waves, drift, fog nuisance
•Dredging
•Sea bed should hold ship anchorage
•Siltation should not be excessive
•Trade route
•Air, road, rail, phone etc.
 Planning a Harbor
Technical studies:
•Need for a harbor.
•Economic justification.
•Prospective volume of seaborne commerce
•Availability of inland communications by land and water

Estimation regarding:
•Location of harbor
•Principle use of harbor
•Type of tonnage of traffic to be handled
•Proximity of natural phenomena.
 HARBOUR PLANNING
The important facts to be studied and scrutinized are:
[Link] is necessary to carry out a thorough survey of the
neighborhood including the foreshore and the depths
of water in the vicinity.
[Link] borings and soundings should be taken to ascertain
the character of the ground.
[Link] borings on land should also be made so as to know
the probable subsurface conditions on land. It will be
helpful in locating the harbor works correctly.
[Link] nature of the harbor, whether sheltered or not,
should be studied.
 HARBOUR PLANNING
[Link] existence of sea insects which undermine the
foundations should be noted.
[Link] problem of silting or erosion of coastline
should be carefully studied.
[Link] natural meteorological phenomena should be
studied at site especially w.r.t frequency of
storms, rainfall, range of tides, maximum and
minimum temperature, direction and intensity of
winds, humidity, direction and velocity of current
etc.
 Harbor area required depends upon the
following factors:
 On the size and number of ships to be
accommodated in the harbor at a time.
 On the length and width needed for
movement of ships to and from berths.
 Type of cargo carried.
To make the harbor useful for
operating and dispatching ships, the water
depth in the entrance, approach channel
and harbor basin should be sufficient even
at the low water spring tide.
 Besides these requirements the
positioning of various elements is very
important i-e the location and alignment of
elements such as entrance, approach
channel, turning basin, break water,
wharves, jetties and docks etc. is very
important to ensure easy manoeuverability
and additional navigation facilities.
The main faction of a harbor is to
provide a safe and suitable accommodation
to the vessels needing refuge, supplies,
repairs, refueling or transfer of cargo and
passengers.
• Requirements of a good harbor:
 Following are the requirements of a good
harbor:
• The ship channels whether natural or
artificial should have sufficient depth for the
draft of the visiting vessels to the harbour.
• The bottom of the harbour should provide
secured anchorage to hold the ships against
the force of high winds.
• To protect against the destructive wave
action, the land masses or break water must
be provided.
 The entrance of the harbour should be
wide enough to provide the ready passage
for shipping and at the same time it should
be narrow enough to restrict the
transmission of excessive amounts of wave
energy in time of storms. Due to the drastic
changes in the size of ships the emphasis
has been laid on the deepening of
channels.
Requirements of a harbor of refuge:
 Facilities of obtaining repairs and supplies.
 Safe and convenient anchorage against the
sea.
 Ready accessibility from the high seas.
On dangerous coast lines damaged ships
under stress of weather conditions will need
immediate shelter and quick repairs. Thus all
types of naval crafts big or small will need
refuge in an emergency and hence such refuge
harbors should provide spacious
accommodation. Modern big ships will require
a lot of space for turning about.
• Requirements of a commercial Harbor:
 Storage sheds for cargo.
 To avoid delay, good and quick repair
facilities.
 Amply quay space i-e ample space for
unloading and loading cargo and facilities for
transporting loading and unloading cargo.
 Spacious accommodation for the mercantile
marine.
 Good and sufficient sheltered conditions as
loading and unloading is done with advantage
in calmer waters.
• Requirements of fishing Harbor:
 The harbor should be constantly open for
arrival and departure of fishing ships.
 Loading and unloading facilities along with
quick dispatch facilities for the perishable
fish catch such as railway sidings and roads
should be there.
 Refrigerator stores with sufficient storing
space for preserving the fish.
• Requirements of military harbor:
These harbors are the naval basis meant
to accommodate the naval vessels. They
serve as supply depots also.
THANK YOU….