CHAPTER THREE
SITE WORK
It is the significant amount of work done on the
site to prepare new building and to complete it. On
average, site work account for 40% and 60% of the
total project cost. There are different works
concerning a site wok, from them some are listed
below.
Earth work/excavation
Excavation ~ to hollow out … in building terms to
remove earth to form a cavity in the ground.
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Site Clearance and Removal of Top Soil
~on small sites this could be carried out by
manual means using hand held tools such as
picks, shovels and wheelbarrows.
On all sites mechanical methods could be
used the actual plant employed being
dependent on factors such as volume of soil
involved, nature of site and time elements.
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Reduced Level Excavations ~on small sites
… hand processes as given above
On all sites mechanical methods could be
used dependent on factors given above.
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Trench and Pit Excavations ~On small sites
… hand processes as given above but if depth
of excavation exceeds above 3m some method
of removing spoil from the excavation will
have to be employed.
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In general foundation work always involves
earthwork/excavation. Excavation presents a
safety risk due to landslide, settlement, and
underground water. It also creates practical
sometimes.
Working problems to work under
difficult/loose and wet soil, therefore proper
Site Organization, working procedures
and Earth retaining mechanisms
should be Employed
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Site organization
Site organization involves:
• Determining entrance to construction site
• Determining access points for water, telephone &
electricity supply.
• Locating storages for different construction
materials
• Locating working offices for onsite supervisor and
contractors work force.
• Locating position on site for assembly and work
shop activities such as
bar bending, concrete mixing, metal works,
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Setting out:
It is the process of identified and marked the
building line or base line from which all other
line. Building line can be given as a distance
from either
Center of the road
The curb line
Existing building
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Procedure Of setting out
Step 1: set out the building line
Assume that the building line has been stated as a
distance from the curb of a road: Two square offset
lines are set from the curb to the position of the
building line at a distance apart which is greater
than the width of the proposed building. Pegs are
positioned at these points, and ranging line is fixed
to these, giving the position of the building line as
shown below.
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Step 2: Set out the base (frontage) line
After taking the dimensions from the drawing, relating
to its position, the frontage line should be set out. This
will either be on the building line or behind it.
The first corner peg (A) will be positioned from
dimensions given on the drawing which relate to site
features such as distance from a curb, gate posts,
boundary intersections etc.
Alternatively, the frontage line may be simply on the
building line so the only information required to set it
out is the distance from a boundary. The diagram
below illustrates this situation where the first peg is
positioned on the building line a given distance (D)
from the boundary.
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Step [Link] out the first right angle to the
frontage line
Attach a taut line to the nail on a corner peg (B
here) and extend this well beyond the length of the
wall to be set out.
Adjust the line carefully to cross the frontage line
at 90˚ by the use of a builder’s square, optical site
square.
When the line is correct, knock in a peg (with nail)
at a distance greater than the length of the wall,
and attach the line tautly. Check for square again
and adjust if necessary.
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NOTE:
It is good practice to only square one corner and set
out subsequent walls by parallel measurements. This
will ensure that if a true rectangle is not set out (and
all measurements are still accurate), the shape will be
a parallelogram (rhombus) and will therefore be easy
to correct.
Step [Link] out the second right angle to the
frontage line
Measure the same length of the building’s frontage
line and set a peg (D) at same distance from the
frontage line as peg C.
Attach the ranging line and check the dimensions
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Step [Link] out the final (back) line
Measure the dimension for the length of the
building’s side wall from the outer pegs on the
frontage line and set pegs up approx. parallel with
the wall lines, as shown (Pegs E and F).
Attach ranging lines to the pegs to establish the
back wall line which should be checked for parallel
with the frontage line. The back corner positions, G
and H, are at the intersection of the square lines.
Pegs can be positioned at G and H,
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Step 6. Check the building setting out for
square
The setting out will be confirmed as square if all
the measurements are correct and the diagonals
measure exactly the same.
Measure the dimensions carefully from A to G and
B to H. These should be the same if the building
has been set out perfectly.
If the diagonals are not the same, but the lines
remain parallel, adjust the back pegs by moving
both nails the same distance across on the peg, (or
moving the peg if necessary).This is to change the
rhombus shape to a true rectangular shape
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Profiles must be positioned well away from
the proposed excavations to allow an
adequate working space. This is particularly
important when the excavation is to be
carried out by means of a mechanical digger
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THANK YOU!!!!