Advanced class 4
The origin of language Which phrases mean;
Another way of saying something In other words
To come up with – an idea, theory etc
To think of or invent
This is probably true May/might/could well be true, but ..
This is definitely true, and maybe other things are true as
well but I´m not sure If nothing else
The jeans are inexpensive at Holly´s clothes shop, if nothing else
The rooms in the office were designed to have a lot of natural light.
The rooms were designed in such a way that..
as to…
Here, we construct the data in such a way that is
compressed already.
Messaging could be framed in such a way that it
includes an analysis of what may happen
Frankly, the whole website has been designed in such a way
that..
Training sports champions
If you want to learn English you need a lot of
motivation, lots of hard work and patience –afterall
you don´t always get it right first time.
Learning English requires / of high motivation level a/ effort and constant/ ,
mention patience to not.
Cheap computers have a habit of breaking down
Susceptible =
Low priced computers are susceptible to breakdowns
12 A worrying trend recently has been the increasing use of social media to abuse
people in the public eye.
find
I of famous people on social media very worrying.
13 I just don´t know why he consistently arrives late for appointments.
unaware
I am for his constant lateness for appointments.
14 The minister´s resignation from the government was caused by the discovery of
his role in a financial scandal.
led
The Discovery of the minister´s role in the financial scandal
the government.
12 A worrying trend recently has been the increasing use of social media to abuse people
in the public eye.
find
I find the increase in the abuse of famous people on social media very worrying.
13 I just don´t know why he consistently arrives late for appointments.
unaware
I am unaware of any reason/s for his constant lateness for appointments.
14 The minister´s resignation from the government was caused by the discovery of his
role in a financial scandal.
led
The Discovery of the minister´s role in the financial scandal
led to his resignation from the government.
15 The level of pollution from chemicals is twice that of ten years
ago.
Doubled
The level of chemical in the last decade.
16 As soon as I get home I check my emails.
Sooner
No I check my emails.
17 Hardly anybody could have predicted how dramatically
communication would change in the 1980s.
forsaw
In the 1980s virtually the dramatic change in
communication that lay ahead.
15 The level of pollution from chemicals is over twice that of ten
years ago.
Doubled
The level of chemical pollution/ pollutants has more than doubled in
the last decade.
16 As son as I get home I check my emails.
Sooner
No sooner do I get home than I check my emails.
17 Hardly anybody could have predicted how dramatically
communication would change in the 1980s.
forsaw
In the 1980s virtually no-one/nobody forsaw the dramatic change
in communication that lay ahead.
18 When I reached the meeting point I couldn´t see my family.
sign
When I reached the meeting point my family
19 He is likely to find the exam tough, he usually does.
bound
He the exam tough, he usually does.
20 Our boss has no intention whatsoever of giving us a payrise.
intent
Our boss us a pay rise.
18 When I reached the meeting point I couldn´t see my family.
sign
When I reached the meeting point there was no sign of my
family
19 He is likely to find the exam tough, he usually does.
bound
He is bound to find the exam tough, he usually does.
20 Our boss has no intention whatsoever of giving us a payrise.
intent
Our boss is not intent on giving us a pay rise.
Advanced CAE
From B2 to C1 language
When it comes to the language needed in the writing exam,
there are some key differences between B2 and C1.
B2 – First
Essay write about 3 points in about 180 – 190
words
C1 write about 2 points in 220 – 260 words
So, you have to write a lot more about each point
* Discuss the merits and maybe drawbacks of each point
* Contrast the two points
* Clearly say which of the two points is more important for
the question, ie prioritorise
Crucial differences at C1 level.
• A more academic style
• more “sophisticated” language organisation
• Much broader range of grammar and vocab
Specific language points
* Avoid “dummy” subjects like they and people
* Use passive structures more (with suitable adverbs if appropiate)
People use computers everyday, they have become an
essential part of our lives.
Computers are widely used on a daily basis
Computers are so widely used on a daily basis that ..
Specific language points
* nominalisation
= using fewer verbs and long noun phrases
Then, adding more information to the nouns such
as quantities and suitable adjectives
It can help to start a sentence with
The or His ,her (words which often start
noun phrases)
And try and turn phrasal verbs into nouns
The sudden breakdown of the car soon led to heated arguments
Which…
This gives us basically a noun phrase which can be continued.
Specific language points
“ oh shit, I´m late again”
Her constant lateness..
Specific language points
• Variety of sentence structures eg
• Participle clauses
i e Starting sentence with past participles and present
participles ( …ing version of verb)
He was found guilty, and the
judge sentenced him to ten years
Found guilty,
* Inversion – e g Not only.. (we´ll practice this another day
* And of course lots of relative clauses
But not of course in every sentence as you need a
combination of complex and simple structures.
Ana´s unexpected return home led not only to a fierce confrontation
with Tom but also the breakup of her marriage.
Taking full advantage of the situation she did well out of the ensuing
divorce settlement.
Not until Ana´s subsequent marriage to John, a few month´s later,
did he realise he had been taken for a ride.
Put this simple sentence into the passive
They are going to close the university library
The university library is going to be closed
Rewrite with due
The university is due to be closed
This is better but….. rewrite the sentence using the noun of close
The closure of the university library
The closure of the university library
Add a good adjective if possible. This one has the going to
happen idea from the original sentence.
The forthcoming closure of the university library
Now we have turned a sentence into a noun phrase which is basically a subject for
our sentence. Now we can continue it.
We can use this idea: And most students didn´t like it.
Example;
was strongly opposed by the majority of the students and professors alike.
Passive verb with adverb
Quantity Word for noun
Making a basic noun more interesting
John applied for the a job with IBM, but the Company rejected him.
his IBM´s application job rejection of /
/ certainly lack to of was experience almost his due
IBM´s rejection of his job application was almost certainly due to his lack
of experience