Operating System

Aim: To introduce an operation System and describe the functionalities of Operating System.
Objectives
•To Understand the services provided by an operating system.
UNIT – I
Introduction: What is an Operating System, Simple Batch Systems,
Multiprogrammed Batches systems, Time-Sharing Systems, Personal-computer systems,
Parallel systems, Distributed Systems, Real-Time Systems
Memory Management: Background, Logical versus Physical Address space, swapping,
Contiguous allocation, Paging, Segmentation
Virtual Memory: Demand Paging, Page Replacement, Page-replacement Algorithms,
Performance of Demand Paging, Allocation of Frames, Thrashing, Other Considerations
[No. of Hrs.: 12]
UNIT – II
Processes: Process Concept, Process Scheduling, Operation on Processes
CPU Scheduling: Basic Concepts, Scheduling Criteria, Scheduling Algorithms,
Multiple- Processor Scheduling,
Process Synchronization: Background, The Critical-Section Problem, Synchronization
Hardware, Semaphores, Classical Problems of Synchronization [No. of Hrs.: 10]

Operating System Concepts 1.1 Silberschatz and Galvin 1999

 Operating System
UNIT – III
Deadlocks: System Model, Deadlock Characterization, Methods for Handling Deadlocks,
Deadlock Prevention, Deadlock Avoidance, Deadlock Detection, Recovery from Deadlock
Device Management: Techniques for Device Management, Dedicated Devices, Shared
Devices, Virtual Devices; Input or Output Devices, Storage Devices, Buffering,
Secondary- Storage Structure: Disk Structure, Disk Scheduling, Disk Management,
Swap-Space Management, Disk Reliability [No. of Hrs.: 10]
UNIT – IV
Information Management: Introduction, A Simple File System, General Model of a File
System, Types of File System File-System Interface: File Concept, Access Methods, Directory
Structure, Protection: Goals of protection, Domain of protection, Access rights, Consistency
Semantics Security: Authentication, Program threats, System threats, Encryption.
[No. of Hrs.: 12]
TEXT:
[T1] Silbersachatz and Galvin, “Operating System Concepts”, John Wiley & Sons, 7th Ed. 2005
[T2] Haldar/Aravind, “Operating System”, Pearson Edu.
REFERENCES:
[R1] Madnick E., Donovan J., “Operating Systems”, Tata McGraw Hill, 2001
[R2] Tannenbaum, “Operating Systems”, PHI, 4th Edition, 2000
[R3] An Introduction to Operating Systems: Concepts & Practice, Bhatt, PHI
Operating System Concepts 1.2 Silberschatz and Galvin 1999
 Introduction

• What is an operating system?

• Simple Batch Systems
• Multiprogramming Batched Systems
• Time-Sharing Systems
• Personal-Computer Systems
• Parallel Systems
• Distributed Systems
• Real -Time Systems

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 What is an Operating System?

• A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a

computer and the computer hardware.
• Operating system goals:
– Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier.
– Make the computer system convenient to use.
– Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
(Resource Utilization).

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 Computer System Components

Computer system can be divided into four components:

1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources
 CPU, memory, I/O devices
2. Operating system
 Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users
3. Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users
 Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games
4. Users
 People, machines, other computers
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 Abstract View of System Components

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 What Operating Systems Do
Depends on the point of view
 Users want convenience, ease of use and good performance
• Don’t care about resource utilization

 But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must

keep all users happy

 Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated

resources but frequently use shared resources from servers

 Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for usability

and battery life

 Some computers have little or no user interface, such as

embedded computers in devices and automobiles

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 Operating System Definitions

• Resource allocator – manages and allocates resources.

• Control program – controls the execution of user programs and
operations of I/O devices .
• Kernel – the one program running at all times (all else being
application programs).

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 Operating System Services
• Operating systems provide an environment for execution of
programs and services to programs and users
• One set of operating-system services provides functions that are
helpful to the user:
– User interface - Almost all operating systems have a user
interface (UI).
 Varies between Command-Line (CLI), Graphics User
Interface (GUI), Batch
– Program execution - The system must be able to load a
program into memory and to run that program, end
execution, either normally or abnormally (indicating error)
– I/O operations - A running program may require I/O,
which may involve a file or an I/O device
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 Operating System Services
(Cont.)
• One set of operating-system services provides functions that are helpful to the user
(Cont.):
– File-system manipulation - The file system is of particular interest.
Programs need to read and write files and directories, create and delete them,
search them, list file Information, permission management.
– Communications – Processes may exchange information, on the same
computer or between computers over a network
 Communications may be via shared memory or through message passing
(packets moved by the OS)
– Error detection – OS needs to be constantly aware of possible errors
 May occur in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O devices, in user
program
 For each type of error, OS should take the appropriate action to ensure
correct and consistent computing
 Debugging facilities can greatly enhance the user’s and programmer’s
abilities to efficiently use the system
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 Operating System Services (Cont.)
• Another set of OS functions exists for ensuring the efficient operation of the
system itself via resource sharing
– Resource allocation - When multiple users or multiple jobs running
concurrently, resources must be allocated to each of them
 Many types of resources - CPU cycles, main memory, file storage, I/O
devices.
– Accounting - To keep track of which users use how much and what kinds
of computer resources
– Protection and security - The owners of information stored in a multiuser
or networked computer system may want to control use of that information,
concurrent processes should not interfere with each other
 Protection involves ensuring that all access to system resources is
controlled
 Security of the system from outsiders requires user authentication,
extends to defending external I/O devices from invalid access attempts

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A View of Operating System Services

1.12 Silberschatz and Galvin 1999

 Simple Batch Systems

• User did not Interact directly rather prepare a Job and submitted to the
Computer Operator in the form of Punch cards.
• Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs
• Automatic job sequencing – automatically transfers control from one job to
another. First rudimentary operating system and always reside in memory.

• Common Input Devices

Card Reader
Tape Drives

• Common Output Devices

Line Printers
Card Punches
Tape Drives

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 Simple Batch Systems

• Resident monitor
– initial control in monitor
– control transfers to job
– when job completes control transfers back to monitor

• Parts of resident monitor

– Control card interpreter – responsible for reading and
carrying out instructions on the cards.
– Loader – loads systems programs and applications
programs into memory.
– Device drivers – know special characteristics and properties
for each of the system’s I/O devices.

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 Memory Layout for a Simple Batch System

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 Drawbacks of Simple Batch System

 Lack of Interaction between User and the Job

 Turnaround Time is very large

 CPU is often Idle

 Slow Performance – I/O and CPU could not

overlap ; card reader very slow.

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 Spooling
• Solution: Off-line operation – speed up computation by loading
jobs into memory from tapes and card reading and line printing
done off-line.
• Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On-line
• Overlap I/O of one job with computation of another job. While
executing one job, the OS.

– Reads next job from card reader into a storage area on the
disk (job queue).
– Outputs printout of previous job from disk to printer.
• Job pool – data structure that allows the OS to select which job to
run next in order to increase CPU utilization.
• Spooling improves the performance of the System with the cost
of a disk space.

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 Spooling

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 Spooling

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 Spooling

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 Multiprogrammed Batch Systems
Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same time, and the
CPU is multiplexed among them.

Multiprogramming (Batch system) needed for

efficiency

 Single user cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at

all times

 Multiprogramming organizes jobs (code and data) so

CPU always has one to execute

 A subset of total jobs in system is kept in memory

 One job selected and run via job scheduling

 When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches

to another job

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 OS Features Needed for Multiprogramming
• I/O routine supplied by the system.
• Memory management – the system must allocate the
memory to several jobs.
• CPU scheduling – the system must choose among
several jobs ready to run.
• Allocation of devices.

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Time-Sharing Systems–Interactive Computing

• The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs that are kept in

memory and on disk (the CPU is allocated to a job only if the job
is in memory).
• When a job needs an I/O opeartion, the CPU switches between
jobs. Therefore, CPU is always busy.
• A job is swapped in and out of memory to the disk.
• On-line communication between the user and the system is
provided; when the operating system finishes the execution of
one command, it seeks the next “control statement” not from a
card reader, but rather from the user’s keyboard.
• On-line system must be available for users to access data and
code.

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 Personal-Computer Systems

• Personal computers – computer system dedicated to a single

user.
• I/O devices – keyboards, mice, display screens, small printers.
• User convenience and responsiveness.
• Can adopt technology developed for larger operating system’
often individuals have sole use of computer and do not need
advanced CPU utilization of protection features.

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 Migration of Operating-System Concepts and Features

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 Parallel Systems

• Multiprocessor systems with more than one CPU in close

communication.
• Tightly coupled system – processors share memory and a clock;
communication usually takes place through the shared memory.
• Advantages of parallel system:
– Increased throughput
– Economical
– Increased reliability
 graceful degradation
 fail-soft systems

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 Parallel Systems (Cont.)

• Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)

– Each processor runs an identical copy of the operating
system.
– Many processes can run at once without performance
deterioration.
– Most modern operating systems support SMP
• Asymmetric multiprocessing
– Each processor is assigned a specific task; master
processor schedules and allocates work to slave processors.
– More common in extremely large systems

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 Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture

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 Real-Time Systems

• Often used as a control device in a dedicated application such as

controlling scientific experiments, medical imaging systems,
industrial control systems, and some display systems.
• Well-defined fixed-time constraints.
• Hard real-time system.
– Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short-term
memory, or read-only memory (ROM)
– Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by
general-purpose operating systems.
• Soft real-time system
– Limited utility in industrial control or robotics
– Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality) requiring
advanced operating-system features.

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 Distributed Systems

• Distribute the computation among several physical processors.

• Loosely coupled system – each processor has its own local
memory; processors communicate with one another through
various communications lines, such as high-speed buses or
telephone lines.
• Advantages of distributed systems.
– Resources Sharing
– Computation speed up – load sharing
– Reliability
– Communications

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 Distributed Systems (Cont.)

• Network Operating System

– provides file sharing
– provides communication scheme
– runs independently from other computers on the network
• Distributed Operating System
– less autonomy between computers
– gives the impression there is a single operating system
controlling the network.

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