Chapter-Four

Electronics Device

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 Introduction
 A diode is a device formed by joining two equivalently doped P-Type and N-Type semiconductor.

 The P-Type semiconductor has excess holes and is positive charge.

 The N-Type semiconductor has excess electrons and is negative charge.

 A junction is formed between the P-type and N-type layers.

 This junction is known as PN junction.

 A p-n junction acts as a diode, and will conduct in one direction only.

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 p-n junction diode and its working principle

• When a p-n junction is formed, electrons from the n-type region diffuse into the p-type region
Similarly, holes from the p-type region diffuse into the n-type region.
• As a result of this diffusion, a depletion region is formed at the junction where free electrons and
holes are depleted.
• In this depletion region:
• A small part of the n-type region near the junction loses its free electrons, which reduces the
number of mobile charge carriers, and it behaves like an intrinsic semiconductor.
• Likewise, a small part of the p-type region near the junction gets its holes filled by electrons,
causing it to also behave like an intrinsic semiconductor.
• This intrinsic behavior in the depletion region is crucial because it forms an electric field, which
separates electron-hole pairs generated in the junction, enabling devices like diodes and solar cells
to function.

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 PN junction diode under forward bias
 When an external voltage(V) is applied across a semiconductor diode such that p-
side is connected to the positive terminal of the battery and n-side to the negative
terminal it is said to be forward bias.

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 Cont.

 The direction of the applied voltage(V) is opposite to the built in voltage(V’).

 As the time spend, depletion layers width decrease means when applied voltage
becomes equal to the potential barriers voltage then barrier destroyed.

 Now when further we increase applied voltage current starts flowing.

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 PN junction diode under reverse bias
 When the diode is reverse biased means it’s anode is connected to -ve and cathode
is connected to +ve of battery it offers very high resistance and doesn’t conduct
current in the reverse direction.

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 Cont.
 In reverse direction as the voltage is applied across the diode, the width of
the depletion region between the two N and P-type materials starts increasing and
Diode doesn’t Conduct.

 This happens due to the recombination of electronics and holes from both sides of
the junction.

 But practically it conducts current in a very small quantity because of few nano-
ampers to micro-ampers ) due to the presence of minority carriers on both sides of
the junction.

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 Forward & reverse bias

Forward biased Reverse biased

Connecting the positive terminal of a Connecting the positive terminal of a
cell to the p-type region of a diode, & cell to the n-type region of a diode, &
the negative terminal to the n-type the negative terminal to the p-type
region, allowing conduction. region, preventing conduction.

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 Current-voltage characteristics of diode

Does not
conduct Conduct

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 Different types of diodes
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
 These diodes convert the electrical energy in to light energy
 When a current is passed in the forward direction, an LED emits light.
 The LED is a very useful component if there is one in a circuit, it is possible to see
immediately if current is flowing.
 LEDs are now available in a range of colours –red, green, blue, white.
 They produce light very efficiently (using relatively little energy).
 They are extremely power efficient, makes LEDs as the main source of lighting in
homes, offices, streets (for street lighting as well as traffic lights), automobiles,
mobile phones.

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 Cont.
 Photodiode
 The photodiode is a light sensitive diode used to detect light or to measure its
intensity.
 Photodiodes are reverse biased so they don't conduct.
 Photodiode mostly applicable in the construction of photovoltaic (solar) cell.
 Photovoltaic cell is a cell that converts solar energy into electrical energy.

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 Transistor
• A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power.

• It is one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics.

• Amplification means increasing the signal strength.

• It is composed of semiconductor material, usually with at least three terminals for connection to
an electronic circuit.

• A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through
another pair of terminals.

• Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a
transistor can amplify a signal.

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 Examples of transistors
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
 A SCR is a semiconductor device that acts as a true electronic switch.

 It can change alternating current into direct current and at the same time can control the amount of

power fed to the load.

 Thus SCR combines the features of a rectifier and a transistor.

Fig.1 Symbol of SCR

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 Application of SCR
 AC power control (including lights, motors, etc).

 Overvoltage protection crowbar for power supplies.

 AC power switching.

 Within photographic flash lights where they act as the switch to discharge a stored
voltage through the flash lamp, and then cut it off at the required time.

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 Triode AC Switch (TRIAC)
 A triac is a three-terminal semiconductor switching device which can control

alternating current in a load.

 ‘Tri’– indicates that the device has three terminals and ‘ac’ means that the device

controls alternating current or can conduct current in either direction.

Fig.2 Symbol of a triac

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 Application of TRIAC

In speed control of single-phase ac series or universal motors.

In food mixers and portable drills.

In lamp dimming and heating control.

Triacs are extensively used at power frequency ac load (eg heater, light, motors)
control applications.

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 Diode for Alternating Current (DIAC)

 A diac is a two-terminal, bidirectional device which can be switched from its OFF state

to ON state for either polarity of applied voltage the diac can be constructed in either
npn or pnp form.

 The DIAC is a diode that conducts electrical current only after its breakover voltage,

VBO.

Fig.3 Symbol of DIAC

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 Application of DIAC

 Light dimming

 Heat control and

 Universal motor speed control.

 Diacs are used primarily for triggering of TRIACs in adjustable phase control of
a.c. mains power.

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THANK YOU!!!

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