Chapter 3
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
After completing this chapter, the students will be able to
Explain what artificial intelligence (AI) is.
Describe the eras of AI.
Explain the types and approaches of AI.
Describe the applications of AI in health, agriculture,
business and education
List the factors that influenced the advancement of AI in
recent years.
Understand the relationship between the human’s way of
thinking and AI systems
Identify AI research focus areas.
Identify real-world AI applications, some platforms, and
tools.
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines
"thinking power", or “the ability to learn and solve
problems”.
Hence, Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made thinking
power."
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer
science by which we can create intelligent machines which
can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to
make decisions.
Intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge.
Knowledge is the information acquired through
experience.
Experience is the knowledge gained through exposure
(training).
What is Artificial Intelligence…
Intelligence is composed of:- Reasoning, Learning, Problem
Solving, Perception, Linguistic Intelligence.
An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment.
An agent (e.g., human or robot) is anything that can
perceive its environment through sensors and acts upon
that environment through effectors.
Need for Artificial Intelligence
To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior
with the capability to learn, demonstrate, and explain and
advice its users.
Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like
humans do and applying them as algorithms in a computer-
Goals of Artificial Intelligence
Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
Replicate human intelligence
Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
An intelligent connection of perception and action
Building a machine which can perform tasks that
requires human intelligence such as:- Proving a theorem,
Playing chess, Plan some surgical operation, Driving a car
in traffic, Creating some system which can exhibit
intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself,
demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a
combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving,
perception, language understanding, etc.
To achieve the above factors for a machine or software
Artificial Intelligence requires the following disciplines.
Mathematics, Biology, Psychology, Sociology, Computer Science, Neurons Study, Statistics.
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or systems
are prone to fewer errors and high accuracy.
High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and
fast-decision making.
High reliability: highly reliable and can perform the same
action multiple times with high accuracy.
Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in
situations such as defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean
floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital
assistant to users such as AI technology.
Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI
is very costly as it requires lots of maintenance to meet
current world requirements.
Can't think out of the box: as the robot will only do that
work for which they are trained, or programmed.
No feelings and emotions: does not have the feeling so it
cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with
humans.
Increase dependence on machines: With the increment
of technology, people are getting more dependent on
devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
No Original Creativity: cannot be creative and
imaginative.
Levels of AI
Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems
Stage 2 – Context Awareness and Retention
Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise
Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines
Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence
(AGI)
Stage 6 – Artificial Super intelligence (ASI)
Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence
This is the idea that development provided by ASI
(Stage 6) leads to a massive expansion in human
capability.
Levels of AI…
The seven layers of AI maturity
Types of AI
Based on Capabilities
Weak AI or Narrow AI:
Is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task
with intelligence and it is the most common and currently
available.
Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations,
as it is only trained for one specific task.
Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond
its limits.
General AI:
General AI is a type of intelligence that could perform
any intellectual task with efficiency like a human.
The idea behind the general AI to make such a system
that could be smarter and think like a human on its own.
Super AI:
Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which
machines could surpass human intelligence, and can
perform any task better than a human with cognitive
properties.
This refers to aspects like general wisdom, problem
solving and creativity.
Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability
include the ability to think, to reason solve the puzzle,
make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate on its own.
Based on the functionality
Reactive Machines
Is the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence which
do not store memories or past experiences for future
actions.
Only focus on current scenarios and react on it.
Limited Memory
Limited memory machines can store past experiences
or some data for a short period of time.
These machines can use stored data for a limited time
period only.
Based on the functionality….
Theory of Mind
Theory of Mind AI should understand human emotions,
people, beliefs, and be able to interact socially like
humans.
Is still not developed, but researchers are making lots of
efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.
Self-Awareness
Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence.
Will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-
awareness.
These machines will be smarter than the human mind
Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still.
Applications of AI
Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's
society.
It is becoming essential for today's time because it can
solve complex problems in an efficient way in multiple
industries, such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance,
education, etc.
Following are some sectors which have the application of
Artificial Intelligence:
AI in agriculture
AI in Healthcare
AI in education
AI in Finance and E-commerce
Applications of AI…
AI in Social Media - such as Facebook, Twitter, and
Snapchat contain billions of user profiles,
AI in Travel &Transport - travel arrangements to
suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the
customers.
AI in the Automotive Industry - Such as Tesla has
introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.
AI in Robotics: - Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable
role in Robotics.
AI in Entertainment - entertainment services such as
Netflix or Amazon