19EIO433: Cloud Based IOT
Module 2: IoT Architecture & Technologies
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST,
1
GITAM, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Module II: IoT Architecture & Technologies
IoT architecture layers, IoT sensors types, actuator types, and RFID
types, IoT device platforms- Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and Beagle
Board.
Learning Outcomes:
After completion of this unit, the student will be able understand
about:
1. Sensors and actuators in IOT
2. Various microprocessors available in IOT
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 2
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
IoT architecture layers
IoT (Internet of Things) architecture typically consists of several layers that work
together to enable communication, data processing, and interaction between
devices and applications. These layers provide a structured framework for
building and deploying IoT solutions. The specific names and functionalities of
these layers may vary slightly depending on the source, but generally, IoT
architecture consists of the following layers:
• Device Layer (Perception Layer)
• Connectivity Layer
• Middleware Layer
• Application Layer (Processing Layer)
• Business Layer (Service Layer)
• Security Layer
• Management Layer
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 3
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
IoT sensors types
• Sensors are designed to respond to specific types of conditions in
the physical world, and then generate a signal (usually electrical)
that can represent the magnitude of the condition being monitored.
• Those conditions may be light, heat, sound, distance, pressure, or
some other more specific situation, such as the presence or
absence of a gas or liquid.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 4
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
IoT sensors types
The importance of sensors in IoT can be understood through the following
points:
• Data Collection
• Environmental Monitoring
• Automation and Control
• Predictive Maintenance
• Healthcare and Wellness
• Energy Efficiency
• Retail and Customer Insights
• Transportation and Logistics
• Agriculture and Farming
• Smart Cities
• User Experience
• Research and Innovation
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 5
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
IoT sensors types
The common IoT sensors that will be employed include:
• Temperature sensors • Gas sensors
• Pressure sensors • Smoke sensors
• Motion sensors • Infrared (IR) sensors
• Level sensors • Acceleration sensors
• Image sensors • Gyroscopic sensors
• Proximity sensors • Humidity sensors
• Water quality sensors • Optical sensors
• Chemical sensors
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 6
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Types of Actuators in the Internet of Things (IoT)
Actuators are essential in the Internet of Things (IoT) because they
enable motion. They convert electrical signals into movement, enabling
IoT devices to interact with the real world.
• Electric Motors
• Servo Motors
• Solenoids
• Stepper Motors
• Linear Actuators
• Pneumatic Actuators
• Hydraulic Actuators
• Piezoelectric Actuators
• Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 7
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Types of Actuators in the Internet of Things (IoT)
Electric Motors
• Electric motors are essential in IoT since they
provide the driving force for several
applications.
• Robots drones, and home automation systems all
use them. Electric motors enable IoT devices to
do tasks due to their capacity to generate
movement.
• In robotics, electric motors act like muscles,
enabling robots to move and interact with the
world around them.
• Electric motors enable the necessary motion for
a robotic arm to build things or an autonomous
vacuum cleaner to explore a home.
• Drones, for example, rely on electric motors for
propulsion and stabilization.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 8
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Types of Actuators in the Internet of Things (IoT)
Servo motors
• Servo motors are excellent at controlling position
and speed.
• They have a design that allows them to move to
specific angles or positions. This allows for
precise and controlled movements. Servo motors
can do this and help IoT devices complete tasks
very accurately.
• A servo motor comprises of a motor, a feedback
sensor, and a control system.
• Use cases:
Robotics
Remote-Controlled Systems
Camera Systems
Smart Home Automation
Industrial Automation
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 9
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Types of Actuators in the Internet of Things (IoT)
Solenoids
• Solenoids are simple but effective devices for
converting electrical energy into linear motion.
• They are a wire coil coiled around a cylindrical core.
When an electric current flows through the coil, a
magnetic field is created that interacts with the core.
• This interaction causes the core to move linearly,
either attracting or repelling it. Solenoids can be
designed in different configurations, such as push or
pull types, depending on their intended use.
Door Locks
Valves and Fluid Control
Automotive Applications
Medical Devices
Actuated Mechanisms
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 10
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Types of Actuators in the Internet of Things (IoT)
Stepper motors
• Stepper motors are intended for accurate
position and rotation control.
• They can move in small increments, unlike
other types of motors. This enables precise
placement and control.
• Stepper motors find extensive use in various
IoT applications where precise positioning is
critical. Below are a few examples.
3D Printing
CNC Machines
Camera Systems
Positioning Systems
Clocks and Timers
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 11
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Types of Actuators in the Internet of Things (IoT)
Linear actuators
• Linear actuators are devices that produce
linear motion. Objects can move in a
straight path as a result of this.
• Transform several types of energy, such as
electrical or hydraulic energy, into linear
displacement. This is critical for many
Internet of Things applications that demand
precise movement in a straight line.
Home Automation
Healthcare Devices
Industrial Robotics
Vehicle Systems
Agricultural Automation
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 12
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Types of Actuators in the Internet of Things (IoT)
Pneumatic actuators
• Pneumatic actuators generate mechanical motion by
utilizing the power of compressed air or gas.
• They turn the stored energy into linear or rotary
motion, allowing for a variety of functions in IoT
devices and systems.
• The controlled release of compressed air or gas into a
chamber is how pneumatic actuators operate. This
release of pressure generates a force that causes the
actuator’s internal components to move.
Automated Manufacturing
HVAC Systems
Process Control
Medical Devices
Automotive Applications
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 13
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Types of Actuators in the Internet of Things (IoT)
Hydraulic actuators
• Hydraulic actuators generate mechanical motion by
utilizing the power of pressurized fluids, typically oil
or hydraulic fluid.
• These types of actuators transfer the stored energy in
the pressurized fluid into linear or rotary motion,
allowing for a variety of activities in IoT devices and
systems.
• The controlled flow of pressured fluid into a chamber
is how hydraulic actuators operate. This pressurized
fluid exerts a force on the interior components of the
actuator, causing mechanical motion to occur.
Heavy Machinery
Aerospace and Aviation
Material Handling
Energy Generation
Vehicle Suspension Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 14
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Types of Actuators in the Internet of Things (IoT)
Piezoelectric actuators
• Piezoelectric actuators use the unique properties
certain materials have when subjected to an electric
field to generate mechanical motion. We know this
as the piezoelectric effect. It enables piezoelectric
actuators to transform electrical energy into precise
mechanical displacement.
• When a piezoelectric material is exposed to an
electric field, it expands or contracts. This
expansion or contraction causes mechanical motion
in the actuator, allowing for precise control over
movement.
Nanopositioning Systems
Ultrasonic Devices
Optical Systems
Microfluidics
Energy Harvesting Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 15
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
What is Arduino?
Arduino: Empowering Creativity with Open-Source Electronics
Introduction to Arduino:
• Arduino is an open-source electronics platform that combines
easy-to-use hardware and software components.
• It enables users to transform various inputs—such as sensor
readings, button presses, or online messages—into corresponding
outputs, like activating motors or illuminating LEDs.
Turning Inputs into Outputs:
• Arduino boards are capable of interpreting inputs, ranging from
light intensity on a sensor to interactions like pressing a button or
receiving a tweet.
• These inputs are then translated into actions, such as activating
motors, triggering LEDs, or even publishing content online.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 16
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
What is Arduino?
Programming Arduino:
• Commands are sent to the microcontroller on the Arduino
board, directing it on how to respond to inputs and produce
desired outputs.
• This is achieved using the Arduino programming language,
built upon Wiring, and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on
Processing.
Diverse Project Range:
• Arduino has been instrumental in driving thousands of projects
—ranging from everyday objects to intricate scientific
instruments.
• Its adaptability has attracted a global community encompassing
students, artists, programmers, hobbyists, and professionals.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 17
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
What is Arduino?
Community Collaboration:
• This community of makers has contributed to an extensive
repository of accessible knowledge, beneficial for both beginners
and experts.
• Collaborative efforts have enriched the platform with a wealth of
tutorials, insights, and shared experiences.
Origins and Evolution:
• Born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute, Arduino was
designed as a rapid prototyping tool for students without prior
electronics or programming expertise.
• As it gained traction, Arduino evolved to address diverse needs,
expanding its offerings from basic 8-bit boards to solutions
tailored for IoT, wearables, 3D printing, and embedded systems.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 18
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Why Arduino?
Versatility and Accessibility:
• Arduino's simplicity and accessibility have made it a staple in
thousands of diverse projects and applications.
• It's a tool that bridges the gap between beginners and advanced users,
catering to a wide range of skill levels.
User-Friendly Software:
• The Arduino software offers an intuitive interface that's easy for
beginners to grasp, while also accommodating advanced users.
• It's compatible with Mac, Windows, and Linux, ensuring accessibility
across various operating systems.
Educational Applications:
• Teachers and students harness Arduino to create affordable scientific
instruments, validate principles of chemistry and physics, and dive
into programming and robotics.
• It's a springboard for learning, enabling exploration without complex
barriers.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 19
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Why Arduino?
Innovation in Design and Art:
• Designers, architects, musicians, and artists utilize Arduino to craft
interactive prototypes, installations, and innovative musical instruments.
• The platform empowers creative experimentation and pushes the
boundaries of what's possible.
Maker Culture and Community:
• Arduino stands as a cornerstone of the Maker Faire, powering countless
projects showcased by makers worldwide.
• The platform fosters collaboration, encouraging idea sharing within the
vibrant Arduino community.
Accessible Learning Tool:
• Arduino is an enabler of curiosity and learning, catering to everyone from
children to programmers.
• Step-by-step kits and online interactions provide a hands-on educational
experience.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 20
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Why Arduino?
Advantages Over Alternatives:
• Affordability: Arduino boards are cost-effective, both for DIY
assembly and pre-assembled options, costing under $50.
• Cross-Platform: Arduino IDE runs on Windows, Mac, and Linux,
accommodating a variety of users.
• Simplified Environment: Based on Processing, the IDE offers a
straightforward programming environment for all levels.
• Open Source Software: Arduino's open-source software can be
extended and modified, appealing to experienced programmers.
• Open Source Hardware: Plans for Arduino boards are openly
available, inviting circuit designers to create and enhance their
versions.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 21
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Arduino Hardware
Key components of an Arduino board.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 22
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Arduino Hardware
Microcontroller - this is the brain of an Arduino, and is the component that we load
programs into. Think of it as a tiny computer, designed to execute only a specific
number of things.
USB port - used to connect your Arduino board to a computer.
USB to Serial chip - the USB to Serial is an important component, as it helps
translating data that comes from e.g. a computer to the on-board microcontroller.
This is what makes it possible to program the Arduino board from your computer.
Digital pins - pins that use digital logic (0,1 or LOW/HIGH). Commonly used for
switches and to turn on/off an LED.
Analog pins - pins that can read analog values in a 10 bit resolution (0-1023).
5V / 3.3V pins- these pins are used to power external components.
GND - also known as ground, negative or simply -, is used to complete a circuit,
where the electrical level is at 0 volt.
VIN - stands for Voltage In, where you can connect external power supplies.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 23
, Visakhapatnam
Name Arduino UNO R3
Board
SKU A000066
Microcontroller ATmega328P
USB connector USB-B
Built-in LED Pin 13
Digital I/O Pins 14
Pins
Analog input pins 6
PWM pins 6
UART Yes
Communication I2C Yes
SPI Yes
I/O Voltage 5V
Input voltage (nominal) 7-12V
Power
DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA
Power Supply Connector Barrel Plug
Main Processor ATmega328P 16 MHz
Clock speed
USB-Serial Processor ATmega16U2 16 MHz
Memory ATmega328P 2KB SRAM, 32KB FLASH, 1KB EEPROM
Weight 25 g
Dimensions Width 53.4 mm
24
Length 68.6 mm
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Working with Aurduino
Working with Arduino involves several key steps, from setting up the hardware and
software to writing and uploading code to your Arduino board. Here's a basic guide
to get you started:
1. Install Arduino IDE:
Download and install the Arduino IDE from the official website (
[Link] based on your operating system (Windows,
macOS, or Linux).
2. Set Up Your Arduino Board:
Connect your Arduino board to your computer using a USB cable.
3. Select Your Board and Port:
Open the Arduino IDE.
In the "Tools" menu, select the correct board model (e.g., Arduino Uno, Arduino
Nano) under the "Board" submenu.
Also, choose the appropriate port your board is connected to under the "Port"
submenu.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 25
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Working with Aurduino
4. Write Your Code:
• In the Arduino IDE, you'll see an empty sketch (program).
• Write your code in the editor.
• Arduino code is based on C++ and consists of two main
functions: setup() and loop().
• The setup() function is executed once when the board
starts, while
• The loop() function runs continuously.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 26
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Working with Aurduino
Example code to blink an LED:
void setup() {
pinMode(13, OUTPUT); // Set digital pin 13 as an
output
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // Turn the LED on
delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second
digitalWrite(13, LOW); // Turn the LED off
delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second
}
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 27
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Basic Operation of Arduino
5. Verify and Upload:
• Click the checkmark icon (Verify) to check your code for errors.
• If there are no errors, click the right-arrow icon (Upload) to compile your code and upload
it to the Arduino board.
• The LED on pin 13 should start blinking if you're using the above example.
6. Monitor Output:
• Open the "Tools" menu and select "Serial Monitor" to open the serial monitor window.
• If your sketch uses Serial functions to output data, you can see the output in the serial
monitor.
7. Experiment and Build:
• Experiment with different components and sensors connected to your Arduino board.
• Refer to component datasheets and online resources to learn how to interface with various
sensors, actuators, and modules.
8. Save Your Project:
• Save your project by clicking "File" > "Save" and providing a name for your sketch. This
way, you can reopen and modify your code later.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 28
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Basic Operation of Arduino
For Simulation environment, Please visit following
link:
[Link]
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 29
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Raspberry Pi
What Is the Raspberry Pi?
Compact Size
• Raspberry Pi's size is comparable to that of a deck of cards.
• This compactness makes it versatile for various applications.
System on a Chip (SoC)
• Raspberry Pi uses a system on a chip (SoC) design.
• SoC integrates CPU and GPU in a single integrated circuit.
• Integration results in space-efficient design and optimized
performance.
All-in-One Package
• RAM, USB ports, and other components are soldered onto the board.
• Creates an all-in-one package for simplicity and reduced size.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 30
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Raspberry Pi
What Is the Raspberry Pi?
Components Integration
• Integration of essential components onto the board.
• Enhances the compactness and efficiency of the Raspberry Pi.
Storage Solution
• No onboard storage available.
• Utilizes an SD card slot for the operating system and data storage.
Flexibility of SD Card Slot
• SD card slot allows easy customization and OS installation.
• Facilitates switching between different operating systems.
Size Comparison
• Visual comparison of Raspberry Pi's size to a deck of cards.
• Highlighting the portability and convenience.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 31
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Raspberry Pi
What Is the Raspberry Pi?
Power Efficiency
• Raspberry Pi is designed to consume minimal power.
• Ideal for energy-efficient projects and applications.
Affordability
• Priced at just $35, Raspberry Pi is cost-effective.
• Accessibility for various budgets and educational
purposes.
Diverse Applications
• Raspberry Pi finds applications in multiple domains.
• Examples include home automation, robotics, media
centers, and more.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 32
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Raspberry Pi
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 33
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Raspberry Pi
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 34
, Visakhapatnam
IoT Architecture & Technologies
Raspberry Pi
Processor: Broadcom BCM2711, quad-core Cortex-A72
(ARM v8) 64-bit SoC @ 1.5GHz
Product lifetime: The Raspberry Pi 4 Model B will remain in
production until at least January 2026.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GST, GITAM 35
, Visakhapatnam