PEDIATRIC COMMUNITY ACQUIRED
PNEUMONIA (PCAP)
BY:
CUBILLO, LUCILYN MAE
INCLAN, JAY VEE Q.
• Pediatric- Community Acquired Pneumonia (P-CAP)
• A lung infection that occurs in children and is
What is P-CAP? acquired outside of the healthcare setting. A
common respiratory illness in children can range
from mild to severe.
• Caused by a various infection agent, including
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites
• Common symptoms includes cough, difficulty of
breathing, fever, chest pain, fatigue, and poor feeding
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Predisposing Factors: Precipitating Factors:
• Age ( 6months old) • Environmental factors (near
• Family History dumpsite, congested community)
- Iron-deficiency • Diet (bottle fed)
Anemia • Second-hand smoking exposure
- Lung- cancer
Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
( causative agents of CAP)
inspiration / aspiration of
the organism
Acute inflammatory
reponse
Containment of the Consolidation of
bacteria within the leukocytes and
pulmonary segment fibrin within the
lobes by cellular affeced areas
recruitment
RBCs, Fibrin and polymorphonuclear leukocytes
infiltrate the respiratory tract
Stage of Congestion
Engorgement of the alveolar spaces with fluid
and hemorrhagic exudates
Multiplication and rapid spread of the
pathogen
Stage Red of Hepatization
Coagulation of the exudates (red appearance of
the affected lungs )
Stage Gray of Hepatization
Progressive breakdown of the RBCs, neutrophils
migration into the veoli and air filled sacs
Edema, resulting to occlusion and decreased
alveolar O2 tension
PNEUMONIA
(P-CAP)
If treaded: If not treated:
Signs and Symptoms:
• Prevention of • Shock
• Interstitial infiltrates o chest X-ray
complications • Pleural effusion
• Sore throat
• Prevention of respiratory • Superinfections
• Nasal congestion
infections, pleural effusion • Pericarditis
• Pleuritic pain
and onset of P-CAP • Otitis media
• low-grade fever
• Lung absences
• Ear pain
• Meningoencephalitis
• Headache
• Cranial nerve palsies
• The child is generally healthy with a strong
immune system. The pathogen causes infection
in the lungs, leading to mild inflammation and
mucus production.
P-CAP -
LOW RISK • This may cause some interference with gas
exchange, leading to mild symptoms like cough
and low-grade fever.
• The child's strong immune response usually
keeps the infection from becoming severe, and
complications are rare.
RISK FACTORS:
• Age
• Health status:
• Vaccination:
• Environment: SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
• Mild to moderate cough
• Low-grade fever
COMPLICATIONS: • Mild shortness of breath
• Mild difficulty in breathing • Mild chest discomfort
• Mild dehydration • General feeling of being
• Fatigue unwell
NURSING INTERVENTION:
• Monitor vital signs regularly
• Administer prescribed medications and ensure the child is taking them as
directed.
• Encourage fluid intake to prevent dehydration.
• Provide a comfortable environment for rest and recovery.
• Educate parents about the signs of worsening symptoms and when to seek
medical attention.
• The child may be generally healthy but has
certain risk factors such as exposure to smoke or
a recent respiratory infection.
P-CAP - • The pathogen invades the lung tissue, leading to
MODERATE RISK inflammation and increased mucus production.
This interferes with normal gas exchange, leading
to symptoms like cough and fever.
• The body's immune response is typically stronger
than in high-risk cases, but complications can still
occur if the infection is not treated promptly.
RISK FACTORS:
• Age
• Exposure to respiratory
infections. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
• Weakened immune • Cough
system • Rapid or difficulty breathing
• Environmental factors • Fever
• Lack of immunization • Chest pain
COMPLICATIONS: • Fatigue
• Respiratory failure: • Decreased appetite
• Pleural effusion • Crackles
• Empyema • Cyanosis
• Lung abscess • Nausea and vomiting
• Sepsis
NURSING INTERVENTION:
• Monitor vital signs, oxygen saturation, and respiratory status regularly.
• Administer prescribed medications, such as antibiotics, as per the healthcare
provider's instructions.
• Encourage adequate fluid intake to prevent dehydration.
• Position the child in a comfortable position that facilitates breathing.
• Provide respiratory support, such as supplemental oxygen or nebulizer
treatments, as needed.
• Educate the child and their family about the importance of completing the full
course of antibiotics and practicing good respiratory hygiene.
• Promote rest and encourage balanced nutrition to support the healing process.
• The child often has a pre-existing condition such as
immune deficiency or a chronic illness like cystic
fibrosis, which makes their lungs more susceptible to
infection.
P-CAP -
• The pathogen (usually a bacteria or virus) invades
HIGH RISK
the lung tissue, causing inflammation and increased
mucus production.
• This leads to difficulty in gas exchange, resulting in
symptoms like cough, shortness of breath, and fever.
In severe cases, complications like pleural effusion
or lung abscess can occur.
RISK FACTORS:
• Age
• Weakened Immune System
• Exposure to Smoke
• Crowded Living Conditions SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
• Lack of Vaccination • Cough
• Exposure to Respiratory • Fever
infections • Rapid Breathing
• Chest Pain
COMPLICATIONS:
• Fatigue
• Respiratory Failure
• Decreased Appetite
• Pleural Effusion
• Crackles
• Empyema • Cyanosis
• Lung Abscess
• Sepsis
NURSING INTERVENTION:
• Obtain blood work and check cultures
• Hydrate the patient
• Administer antibiotics as ordered
• Keep the patient comfortable and warm
• Perform suction as required
• Measures ins and out
• Manage pain and cough
• Promote nutrition
• Administer oxygen as needed
• Provide rest
• Teach patient hand washing
• Physical examination
• Chest X-ray
DIAGNOSTIC
PROCEDURES • Blood test ( CBC, CRP)
• Sputum culture
• Bronchoscopy
• Pulse Oximetry
Get vaccinated
• Pneumococcal vaccine
• Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
vaccine
PREVENTIONS
• Pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine
• Varicella (chikenpox) vaccine
• Measles Vaccine
• Influenza (flu) vaccine
• Zinc supplementation
• Vitamin A, immunomodulators and Vitamin
C should not be given routinely
• Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months
• Good nutrition
• Practice good hygiene and sanitation
• Avoid tobacco
PREVENTIONS
Get vaccinated
• Pneumococcal vaccine
• Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine
• Pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine
• Varicella (chikenpox) vaccine
• Measles Vaccine
• Influenza (flu) vaccine
• Zinc supplementation
• Vitamin A, immunomodulators and Vitamin C should not be given
routinely
• Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months
• Good nutrition
• Practice good hygiene and sanitation
• Avoid tobacco
THANK
YOU
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