CELLS

OBJECTIVES
• Gain basic knowledge about the morphologic unit of the
body
• Define cell division or mitosis
• Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis
• Describe the anatomical characteristics of the cell
• Enumerate the function of the typi8cal part of the
cell
 CELLS
• Basic building blocks of all living things
• A cell is a minute jelly like mass of
protoplasm containing a
• nucleus held together by a cell membrane.
• The cell is the structural and functional
unit of living
• organisms.
• Human body is made up of 75 trillion cells.
• It was Robert hook who first coined the
term cell in 1665.
• The study of cells is called histology.
FUNCTION OF THE CELLS
• Irritability
• Ability to detect and respond to change in tis environment
• Nutrition
• Absorbing fluids and dissolved substances through the cell membrane for
growth and repair for energy
• Respiration
• Use oxygen combined with food substances to form carbon dioxide and
water, while releasing energy for intracellular activity
• Excretion
• discharge unused and waste material through cell membrane.
• Growth and reproduction
• to increase in size and when it reaches the limit of its growth it reproduce
by dividing in to 2 smaller cells
• Movement
3 REGIONS OF THE CELLS
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Plasma membrane
NUCLEUS
• Control center of the cell
• Contains DNA (genetic
material)
• 3 regions
• Nuclear membrane
• Nucleolus
• Chromatin
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
• Barrier nucleus
• Consists of a double phospholipid (bi-layer) membrane
• Contain nuclear pores allowing material exchange with the
rest of the cell
NUCLEOLI
• Contains one or more
nucleoli
• Non membrane bound
organelle
• Synthesis of ribosomes,
Process rRNA, Ribosomes
subunits
• Mitosis, stress response
and cell cycle regulation
CHROMATIN
• Composed of DNA and proteins
• Scattered throughout the nucleus
• Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell
division starts
PARTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
• Microvilli
• Finger like projection
• Area for agsorbtion
PLASMA MEMBRANE
• Barrier for cell contents
• Double phospholipid layer
• Other materials: protein, cholesterol, glycoproteins
 PARTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
• Membrane junctions
• Tight junctions
• Desmosomes and
hemidesmosomes
CYTOPLASMS
• Cellular material between the plasma
membrane and nucleus
• Cytosol
• Fluid that contains other elements
• Organelles
• Metabolic machinery of the cells
• Inclusion
• Non functioning units
CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
• Ribosomes
• Protein and RNA
• Sites of protein synthesis
• Found at 2 locations
• Free in the cytoplasm
• Attached to rough
endoplasmic reticulum
CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• Interconnected network of
tubular and microsomal
vesicular structures
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Granular ribosomes are
attached
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Continuation of the rough er
and consists of tubules
arranged in a looping network
CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
• Golgi apparatus
• Modifies and packages
proteins
• Produces several types of
packages
• Secretory vesicles
• Cell membrane
components
• lysosomes
CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
• Mitochondria
• Power houses of the cell
• Provide ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) for cellular
energy
• Change shape constantly
• Carry out reactions using
oxygen breakdown food
LYSOSOMES
• Large irregular structures surrounded by unit
membrane
• Filled with hydrolytic enzyme
• Act as suicide bags
• Digesting proteins and fats
PEROXISOMES
• Releases peroxidase enzyme which helps in the
decrease of the activity of oxygen derivatives
CYTOSKLETON
• Network of protein structures that extend throughout
the cytoplasm
• Provides the cell with an internal framework
CYTOSKELETON
• 3 types
• Microfilaments
• Intermediate filaments
• microtubules
CENTRIOLES
• Rod shaped made of microtubules
• Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
• Involved in other cell functions that are still not very
well known
 CELLULAR PROJECTIONS
• Not found in all types of
cells
• Used for movement
• Cilia
• Move materials
across the cell
surface
• Flagellum
• Propels the whole
cell
TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES
ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES
• Passive transportation
• Active transportation
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
This occurs when substances can cross plasma and organelle
(semipermeable) membranes and move down the concentration
gradient (downhill)
• Diffusion
• dissolving in the lipid part of the membrane
• Facilitated diffusion
• Utilized by some substances that are unable to diffuse through
the semipermeable membrane unaided,
• Osmosis
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable
membrane (the solutes cannot cross the membrane) from the
region of lower concentration to the area of higher concentration
 Facilitated diffusion

diffusion

osmosis
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• This is the transport of substances up their
concentration gradient (uphill), i.e. from a lower to a
higher concentration
• Solute pumping
• Moves substances against concentration gradients
• Bulk transport
• Exocytosis – moves materials out of cells through
membranous vesicle
• Endocytosis – extracellular substances are engulfed by
being enclosed in a membrane vesicle (phagocytosis and
pinocytosis)
SOLUTE PUMPING
 endocytosis

exocystosis
CELL LIFE CYCLE
• Interphase
• Cells grows and carries on metabolic processes
• Cell division
• Cell replicates itself to produce more cells for
growth and repair processes
DNA REPLICATION
• Genetic material duplicated
and readies a cell for division
into 2 cells
• Occurs toward the end of
interphase
• DNA u coils and each side
serves as a template
CELL DIVISION STEPS
• Mitosis
• Division of the nucleus
• Formation of 2 nuclei
• Cytokinesis
• Division of the cytoplasm
• Formation of 2 cells
 STAGES OF MITOSIS
• Interphase
• No cell division occurs, cell carries out normal metabolic activity and
growth
• Prophase
• First part of cell division. Centromeres migrate to the poles
• Metaphase
• Spindle from centromeres are attached to chromosomes that are
aligned in the center of the cell
• Anaphase
• Daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the poles. The cell begins
to elongate
• Telophase
STAGES OF MITOSIS
 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• Gene: DNA that carries a blueprint for building one
protein
• Functions of proteins
• Building materials for cells
• Act as enzymes (biological catalysts)
• RNA is essential for protein synthesis
ROLE OF RNA
• Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• Transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome
for building the proteins
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• Helps from the ribosomes where proteins are built
• Messanger RNA (mRNA)
• Carries the instructions for building a protein from
the nucleus to the ribosomes
SUMMARY
• Cells
• Parts
• organelles
• Functions
• Transport system
• Duplication