BASIC ELECTRICITY

The volt

The amp

The Ohm

Ohm’s Law

Voltage, current and resistance (volts,

Amps and Ohms).
BASIC ELECTRICITY (cont’d)

Magnetism, chemical energy, light,

heat and pressure.

The material, the cross-sectional area,

the length and the temperature.

By a series of colored bands

around one end of the resistor.
BASIC ELECTRICITY (cont’d)

A source of electrical energy, a load to use the energy

and conductors to join the source and the load.

To store electrical energy in electrostatic fields.

They are polarized. An electrolytic capacitor will pass current

of one polarity, but will block current of the opposite fields.

The ability to store electrical energy in electromagnetic fields.

BASIC ELECTRICITY (cont’d)

The Henry.

The total opposition to the flow of alternating current. It is the

vector sum of resistance, capacitive reactance and inductive
reactance.

Hold the electromagnet in your left hand with your fingers

encircling the coil in the direction the electrons flow. Your
thumb will point to the north end of the electromagnet.

The Ohms.
BASIC ELECTRICITY (cont’d)

The Watt

1,000 Watts

The current
increases

Series, parallel
and series-parallel

12

Between 1.275
and 1.300
BASIC ELECTRICITY (cont’d)

Bet. 70 – 90
deg. Fahrenheit

A hydrometer

Paint it with an asphaltic (tar base)

paint or with polyurethane enamel

A solution of bicarbonate of soda and water

BASIC ELECTRICITY (cont’d)

Only up to the level of the indicator in the cell.

The two types of batteries should be kept separate, and

the tools used on one type should not be used the other.

The electrolyte of nickle-cadmium battery does not enter

into the chemical changes that occur when the battery is
charged or discharged. Its specific gravity does not change
appreciably.
BASIC ELECTRICITY (cont’d)

A solution of boric acid and water

The transfer of electrical energy from one

conductor to another that is not electrically
connected

One million (1,000,000)

One thousandth (0.001)

AIRCRAFT DRAWINGS

The allowable plus or minus variation from

the dimension given on the drawing.

The amount of space, or separation, that is

allowed between two components or parts.

The name & address of the company who

made the part, the name of the part, the
scale of the drawing, the name of the
draftsman, the name of the engineer
approving the part and the number of the
part (the drawing number)
AIRCRAFT DRAWING (Cont’d)

By numbers shown in the break of a dimension line.

By the number in the revision block and by

the log of the most recent drawings.

Six

Three
AIRCRAFT DRAWING (Cont’d)

This is the line that shows the center

of the object in the drawing.

The distance in inches from the datum, measured

along the longitudinal axis of the fuselage.

In the lower right – hand corner of the following.

By a thin line made up of a series of long dashes

separated by two short dashes.
WEIGHT & BALANCE

In the aircraft flight manual or weight and

balance records required by 14 CFR § 23.1583

A readily identified reference chosen by the

aircraft manufacturer from which all
longitudinal locations on the aircraft are
referenced.

This makes it possible to find the point about

which the aircraft would balance (the center
of gravity.
WEIGHT & BALANCE (Cont’d)

In the aircraft flight manual or weight and

balance records required by 14 CFR § 23.1583

A force that tends to cause rotation. It is the product of

the weight of an object in pounds and the distance of the
object from the datum in inches.

Multiply the weight of the item in pounds by

its distance from the datum in inches.
WEIGHT & BALANCE (Cont’d)

The distance, in inches, between the center

of gravity of the item and the datum.

The different categories under which an aircraft can be

licenced have different maximum gross weights and different
center of gravity ranges.

In the Type Certificate Data Sheets for the aircraft.

WEIGHT & BALANCE (Cont’d)

In the Type Certificate Data Sheets for the aircraft.

The weight of the fuel and its moment must be

subtracted from the weight and the moment of the
aircraft as it was weighed.

The weight of the chocks and other items that are

used to hold the aircraft on the scales.
WEIGHT & BALANCE (Cont’d)

It must be subtracted from the scale reading to find

the weight of the aircraft.

No more fuel than the quantity necessary for one-half hour

of operation at rated maximum continuous power. It is the
maximum amount of fuel used in weight and balance
computations when low fuel may adversely affect the most
critical balance conditions.

The maximum permissible weight of a loaded

aircraft (passengers, crew, cargo, etc.), less its
WEIGHT & BALANCE (Cont’d)

It must be subtracted from the scale reading to find

the weight of the aircraft.

The aircraft is weighed and the empty center of gravity is

computed. These values are recorded in new weight and
balance records that are started for the aircraft.

Weight that is permanently installed in an aircraft to bring

the empty weight center of gravity into allowable limits.
WEIGHT & BALANCE (Cont’d)

A helicopter

All of the equipment that is listed in the Aircraft Equipment

List as “required equipment” or as equipment that is
permanently installed.

If the empty weight center of gravity falls within the EWCG

range, the aircraft cannot be legally loaded in such a way
that its loaded center of gravity will fall outside of the
allowable loaded CG range. Not all aircraft have an EWCG
range.
WEIGHT & BALANCE (Cont’d)

The empty weight center of gravity range is given only for

aircraft that cannot be legally loaded in such a way that their
loaded center of gravity will fall outside of the allowable
limits.
FLUID LINES & FITTINGS

1100-1/2 Hard OR 3003-1/2 Hard Aluminum alloy

tubing.

By its outside diameter.

The electrical wire bundle should be on top.

This line shows the mechanic whether or not the line has
been twisted when it was installed. The line should be
straight, not spiraled.
FLUID LINES & FITTINGS (Cont’d)

The AN fitting has a shoulder between the end of the line

has been twisted when it was installed. The line should be
straight, not spiraled.

Quick disconnect couplings are normally used where the

engine-driven pump connects into the hydraulic system.

By its inside diameter.

FLUID LINES & FITTINGS (Cont’d)

The hose should be at least 5% longer than the distance

between the fittings. This extra length provides the needed
slack.

Tighten the fitting by hand until it is snug and then turn it

with a wrench for 1/6-turn to 1/3-turn. Never turn it more
than 1/3-turn with a wrench.

Over tightening drives the cutting edge of the sleeve deeply

into the tube and weakens it.
FLUID LINES & FITTINGS (Cont’d)

5052-O and 6061-T aluminum alloy tubing in sizes from 1/8-

inch to 3/8-inch OD.

Teflon hose retains its high strength under conditions of

high temperature.

The end of the tubing must be polished so it will not

crack when it is stretched with the flaring tool.

This varies with the hose, but it is generally about two

times the recommended operating pressure for the
 MATERIALS & PROCESSES

Zyglo or dye penetrant.

Clean the part thoroughly and apply the penetrant and

allow it to soak for the recommended time. Remove all
of the penetrant from the surface and apply the
developer.

Thoroughly clean the part, magnetize it as directed by

the appropriate service manual, flow the indicating
medium over the surface and inspect it under a “black”
light. When the inspection is complete, thoroughly
demagnetize the part.
MATERIALS & PROCESSES (Cont’d)

Eddy current inspection.

X-ray Inspection.

If the parts are not completely demagnetized, they will

attract steel particles that are produced by engine wear
and will cause damage to bearing surfaces.
MATERIALS & PROCESSES (Cont’d)

Any grease or dirt in a fault will keep the penetrant from

seeping into the fault.

Any delay in quenching aluminum alloy after it is

removed from the oven will allow the rain structure to
grow enough that intergranular corrosion is likely to
form in the metal.

Heat the steel structure to a temperature above its

critical temperature and allow it to cool in still air.
MATERIALS & PROCESSES (Cont’d)

When steel is hardened, it becomes brittle and

tempering removes some of this brittleness.

A rivet made of 2017 or 2024 aluminum alloy. These

rivets are heat-treated and quenched, then stored in a
sub-freezing ice box until they are ready to be used. The
cold storage delays the hardening of the rivet.

A self-locking nut should not be used for any application

where there are any rotational forces applied to the nut
or to the bolt.
MATERIALS & PROCESSES (Cont’d)

The grip length of the bolt should be the same as the combined
thicknesses of the materials being held by the bolt.

The thickness of the material being welded. The size of the trip
orifice determines the amount of flame produced and thus the
heat that is put into the metal.

It should be removed by scrubbing it with hot water and a

bristle brush.
MATERIALS & PROCESSES (Cont’d)

All traces of the old weld must be removed so the new

weld will penetrate the base metal.

A dial indicator.

1/8-inch
diameter.

Extra-flexible cable (7 x 19)

MATERIALS & PROCESSES (Cont’d)

The aluminum is heated in an oven to the proper

temperature for a specified time; then it is removed and
quenched in water.

After a piece of aluminum has been solution heat treated,

it is held at a specified elevated temperature for a time.
Precipitation heat-treating is also called artificial aging.

As thread-like lines of puffiness under a film of

polyurethane or other dense finish system topcoats.
GROUND OPERATIONS AND SERVICING

Terminate the starting operation and find the reason

the engine would not accelerate as it should

Be sure that the nosewheel does not try to turn past

its stops. Some aircraft must have the torsion links
on the nosewheel strut disconnected when they are
being towed.
GROUND OPERATIONS AND SERVICING (CONT’D)

25 Feet

The turbine engine fuel will cause the engine to detonate

Vapor lock can occur in the fuel lines. This will shut off
the flow of fuel to the engine.
GROUND OPERATIONS AND SERVICING (CONT’D)

A fuel with a heavy kerosine base, a flash point of

110 - 150ºF, a freezing point of - 40ºF, and a heat
energy content of 18,600 Btu/pound.
CLEANING AND CORROSION CONTROL

Under a dense coating of topcoat enamel

such as polyurethane. Filiform corrosion is
caused by improperly cured primer

In a location where there is a slight amount of

relative movement between two components, and
no way for the corrosive residue to be removed as
it forms.
CLEANING AND CORROSION CONTROL (Cont’d)

Along the grain boundaries of aluminum alloys that

have been improperly heat-treated. Extruded
aluminum alloy is suceptible to intergranular
corrosion.

Anywhere different types of metal come in

contact with each other, especially where
moisture is present.
CLEANING AND CORROSION CONTROL (Cont’d)

In any meta component that is continually under a

tensile stress. The metal around holes in castings
that are fitted with pressed – in bushings are
susceptible to stress corrosion.

Remove the corrosion residue with a bristle

brush or a nylon scrubber. Neutralize the
surface with chromic acid or with some type
of conversion coating. Protect the surface
from further corrosion with a coat of paint.
CLEANING AND CORROSION CONTROL

An oxide coating or aluminum cladding

By glass bead blasting, by careful polishing

with mild abrasive paper or by using fine
buffing compound on a cloth buffing wheel.

Aluminum wool or aluminum wire brushes.

Severe corrosion can be removed with a
rotary file.
CLEANING AND CORROSION CONTROL

Mild soap and plenty of clean water

A solution of bicarbonate of soda and water

A solution of boric acid and water, or vinegar

Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) or lacquer thinner

CLEANING AND CORROSION CONTROL

A chemical conversion coating such

as Alodine

A stiff hog bristle brush

The tubing is filled with hot linseed oil and

then drained
 MATHEMATICS

A = 0.7854 x D2
Or
A = ∏ x R2

V=0.7854 x D2

A=LxW

V=LxWxH

A = (B x H) / 2

Pi (∏) is the ratio of the circumference to the

diameter of any circle.
 MATHEMATICS

∏ = 3.1416

The root of a number is one of two or more

equal numbers that, when multiplied together,
will produce the number.

256

64

A fraction that compares one number

to another; for example, 6:2 is a ratio
PHYSICS
Anything that occupies
space and has weight

Solid, liquid and gas

Force that facts on a unit

of area

29,92 inches of mercury and 14.69

pounds per square inch

Its temperature
 PHYSICS

The weight of a given

volume of air

20,000 pounds

The point about which the

lever rotates

First –class: A screwdriver being used to pry the

lid from a can of paint

Second-class: A wheelbarrow

Third –class: A hydraulically retracted landing

gear
 PHYSICS

100 cubic inches

The temperature at which all molecular

movement stops

10°C

Work = Force x Distance

The number of ropes that support the

weight
 PHYSICS

The ratio between the number of teeth on the

drive gear and the number of teeth on the
driven gear.

The pressure will increase

Conduction, convection and

radiation

The actual amount of water that is in

a given volume of air
LANDING GEAR SYSTEMS

LANDING GEAR SYSTEMS

The meter of oil from one compartment to

another inside the shock strut.

Compressed air

Deflate the strut completely, remove the

filler plug and fill the strut with oil to the
level of the filler plug.

The centering cam forces the

nosewheel straight back with
the strut before it is retracted
into the nose wheel well.
LANDING GEAR SYSTEMS

It acts as a small hydraulic

shock absorber between the
piston and the cylinder of the
nosewheel shock strut

The debooster decreases the pressure and

increases the volume
256of fluid going to the
brakes. This gives the pilot better control of
the brakes

The spongy feel is caused by air in the

brake. The brakes should be bled of
this air.
 LANDING GEAR SYSTEMS

An O-ring seal

Operating the tire in an overinflated condition

The tire should be scrapped

It is possible in some aircraft that a new

or retreaded tire can be different enough
in size from the previous tire that it
could lock up in the wheel well when the
landing gear is retracted
 LANDING GEAR SYSTEMS

By the amount the strut extends out of the

cylinder when the weight of the aircraft is on it

The tire should be scrapped

In the aircraft service manual

The compensator port in the master

cylinder opens the brake reservoir
to the wheel cylinders when the
brakes are off. This prevents
pressure from building up in the
brake lines and causing the braes
to drag.
 LANDING GEAR SYSTEMS

The shuttle valve is an automatic transfer valve. It

allows the brakes to be operated by hydraulic system
pressure under all normal conditions, but if this pressure
is lost, it allows the brakes to be operated by the
emergency backup system.
 Hydraulic & Pneumatic Power Systems

Mineral base fluid and phosphate ester base

fluid

A filter with a special paper element

The main pump normally takes its fluid from a standpipe,

while the emergency pump takes its fluid from the bottom of
the reservoir. If a break in the system should allow the main
pump to pump all of its fluid overboard, there will still be
enough fluid in the reservoir to allow the emergency system
to extend the landing gear and actuate the brakes.
 Hydraulic & Pneumatic Power Systems

Pressurization ensures that fluid will be supplied to

the inlet of the pumps at high altitude where there is
not enough atmospheric pressure to do this.

A pump that delivers fluid with the movement of the

pump handle in both directions.

If the pump should seize, the shear section will

break, disconnecting the pump from the engine and
preventing further damage.
 Hydraulic & Pneumatic Power Systems

The unloading valve, or pressure regulator, controls system

pressure by shifting the pump outlet fluid from the pressurized
system back into the reservoir when the system pressure is
high enough. The fluid circulates with very little load on the
pump until the system pressure The
drops toshould
tire the regulator kick –in
be scrapped
value. The pump then forces fluid into the system until the
pressure builds back up to the regulator kick-out value.

The accumulator holds pressure on the hydraulic fluid in the

system. The pressure is held by compressed air on nitrogen
acting on the fluid through a bladder, a diaphragm, or a
piston
 Hydraulic & Pneumatic Power Systems

An orifice check valve allows full flow of fluid in

one direction through the valve, but restricts the
flow in the opposite direction

Normally in the lines that

connect the engine-driven
pump to the aircraft hydraulic
In the aircraft service manual
system.

A linear actuating cylinder that uses hydraulic fluid

under pressure to move the piston in only one
direction. The piston is returned by a spring.
 Hydraulic & Pneumatic Power Systems

This air is normally bled from one of the stages

of the engine compressor

A variable orifice

When the pressure of the stored air is reduced to the

value that is needed in the system, the temperature
drops enough to freeze any water that is in the air. The
moisture separators remove this water before it can
freeze and block the system.
 Hydraulic & Pneumatic Power Systems

Open-center selector valves are installed in series with each

other, and the hydraulic fluid flows through their center when
no component is being actuated. The valves act as a pump
unloading valve. Closed-center selector valves are installed in
parallel with each other. They direct fluid under pressure to
one side of the actuator, and fluid from the other side of the
actuator to the system return manifold. In their off position,
they trap fluid in the line between the valve and the actuator.

Trichlorethylene
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Power Systems

Naptha, varsol or Stoddard solvent

In the maintenance manual fo

the aircraft. This information
is also on a placard on the
system

Soap and water

They must be capped with the

correct fluid line cap or plug.
Masking tape or other types
of adhesive tape should never
be used.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Power Systems

By an aspirator in the fluid return line or by

bleed air from one of the engine compressors

The snubber keeps the gage

from fluctuating
 INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

The airspeed indicator, the vertical speed

indicator, and the altimeter

None. All repairs and alterations must be made by

the instrument manufacturer or by an FAA-approved
repair station certificated for the particular
instrument

A red radial line marks a never-exceed condition

 INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

A yellow arc marks a caution range of operation

A green arc indicates the normal range of operation

A white arc on an airspeed indicator indicates the

airspeeds at which the flaps may be lowered
 INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

A white slippage mark that extends across the lower

part of the instrument cover glass and the instrument
case bezel shows whether or not the glass has slipped.
A slipped glass would put the range marks over the
incorrect numbers

In the Type Certificate Data Sheets for the

aircraft

The static system must be checked for leaks

 INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

A steel case concentrates the flux produced by magnets

in the instrument and keeps it from affecting other
nearby instruments

The bonding straps carry the return current from the

instruments into the aircraft structure

Deviator error
 INTRUMENT SYSTEMS

A special water-clear fluid that is similar to kerosine

10 degrees

For an unpressurized aircraft, the system is checked with a 1,000-foot indication on the
altimeter. It must not leak more than 100 feet in one minute. For a pressurized aircraft,
the system is check at the maximum certificated pressure differential of the cabin. It must
not leak, in one minute, more than 2% of the equivalent altitude of the maximum
differential pressure or 100 feet, whichever is greater.
 INTRUMENT SYSTEMS

An instrument operated by a thermocouple is a current-

measuring device. The resistance of the thermocouple and its
leads must be kept at the value specified for the indicator.

It should read the existing barometric

pressure

A two-minute turn indicator gives a one-needle-width deflection for a standard rate of turn (three
degrees per second). A four-minute turn indicator gives a one-needle-width deflection for a half-
standard rate of turn (1-1/2 degrees per second). A four-minute turn indicator has doghouse
shaped marks located two needle widths away from the center mark. When the needle is lined up
with a doghouse, the aircraft is making a standard rte turn.
 INTRUMENT SYSTEMS

A turn and slip indicator is sensitive about only the yaw

(vertical) axis of the aircraft. A turn coordinator uses a canted
gyro which makes it sensitive about both the roll and yaw axes

Tubular capacitors which extend across the fuel

One needleindicates the speed of the engine, and the other indicates the speed of the main rotor.
When the needles are married, the clutch is not slipping and the rotor is solidly engaged to the
engine.
 INTRUMENT SYSTEMS

In percentage of the takeoff RPM

An averaging system made up of a series of thermocouples

arranged around the inside of the exhaust duct of the engine

There is probably an open in the bulb circuit that is causing the instrument to see an infinite
resistance. The higer the resistance of the bulb circuit, the further the needle moves across the dial
 INTRUMENT SYSTEMS

A pressure gage that measures the pressure drop across

the injector nozzles

They may be air operated, either by suction or pressure, or they

may be electrically operated
 FUEL SYSTEMS

Prist is a biocidal agent that (1) kills the scumforming

bacteria in the fuel tank, and (2) acts as an antifreeze
agent, lowering the freezing point of the entrained water
that is released from the fuel.

Integral fuel cells (cells that are a sealed-off portion of the

structure) and bladder-type cells

The compartments or baffles keep the fuel from surging back and
forth as the aircraft changes its attitude in flight
 FUEL SYSTEMS

A part of the structure in which all of the seams and joints

are sealed so they will be fuel tight. The structure itself
then becomes the fuel tank.

One strainer is located in the outlet to the tank, and the main
strainer is located in the fuel line between the outlet of the fuel
tank and the inlet to the fuel metering device.

Booster pumps are used to produce fuel pressure for starting the
engine, to keep the fuel from vapor locking at high altitude, and
to transfer fuel from one tank to another.
 FUEL SYSTEMS

An engine-driven fuel pump whose pressure relief valve is acted upon

by the pressure of the atmosphere. A compensated pump varies its
outlet fuel pressure so it will stay a constant amount higher than the
pressure of the air that is entering the carburetor.

The bypass valve allows fuel from the booster pump to flow around the
engine-driven pump mechanism for starting the engine and to supply the
engine with fuel if the engine-driven pump should fall

The detent gives the pilot a positive indication by feel when the
selector valve is in the full ON and full OFF positionl.
 FUEL SYSTEMS

The density of the fuel

A pressure gage that measures the pressure drop across the

injector nozzles in the engine

A cross-feed system allows fuel from any tank to flow to any engine
 FUEL SYSTEMS

Aircraft that are certificated with a higher takeoff weight than

their allowable landing weight must have provision for
jettisoning fuel. This allows enough fuel to be dumped to bring
the weight down to that allowed for landing case an emergency
occurs before this amount of fuel can be burned off.

All of the fuel vapors must be purged by flowing live steam

through the tank, by soaking it in boiling water, or by chemically
neutralizing the Fume.

The cell must be thoroughly purged of all fumes, the person

entering the cell must wear proper safety equipment, and there
must be a person standing by on the outside of the cell.
 FUEL SYSTEMS

A pressure fueling system in which the fuel is pumped into the

aircraft through an underwing fueling port. The fuel flows into a
manifold, and then into the correct fuel tank as selected at the
fueling staiton.

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen

Because of the low temperatures at which these aircraft operate, it is possible

for water to precipitate out of the fuel and freeze on the filters, shutting off
fuel to the engines. The temperature can be kept above freezing by directing
it through a fuel heater as is needed.
 FUEL SYSTEMS

The dye that is in the gasoline stains the area around the leak

The drip gage allows a mechanic to check the fuel level in a tank
from the bottom of the tank.

Be sure that the fuel truck is properly located, the truck and the
aircraft are electrically grounded, all electrical power except that
needed for the defueling operation is turned off, and the fuel is
returned to the proper truck or other container.
 FUEL SYSTEMS

On a reciprocating engine powered-aircraft: the word FUEL

and the minimum grade of fuel.

On a turbine engine powered aircraft: the word FUEL, the

permissible fuel designations, the maximum permissible
fueling supply pressure, and the maximum permissible
defueling pressure.
 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

The current carrying capability of the wire and the voltage

drop caused by the current flowing through the wire.

Four

The edges of the hole are covered with a flexible grommet, and
the bundle is secured to the structure with a cushioned clamp

A cushion clamp
 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

Soldered joints are usually stiff, and vibration can harden the wire
and cause it to break. Solderless splices are designed to keep the
joint flexible so vibration cannot cause the wire to break.

When monitoring is not practical, the total continuously connected

electrical load must be no more than 80% of the rated generator
output. This would require a generator with a rating of 37.5 amps.
Practically, a 40-amp generator would be installed.

The high inrush current caused by the low resistance of the cold
filaments requres that the switches be derated.
 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

On the left wing

Shorted coils

A series-wound motor

Aluminum wire is more brittle than copper. It

is more subject to breakage when it is nicked
or when it is subjected to vibration

Six silicon diodes arranged in a three-

phase, full-wave rectifier.

A megohmmeter. Megger is the registered trade name of such an

instrument.
 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

Any time a wire bundle is routed in an area where it is subject

to abrasion or rough handling, it should be enclosed in a
conduit

Two-gage. When you substitute aluminum

wire for copper wire, use a wire that is two
gage numbers larger.

Six-gage

The voltage, the frequency, and the phase

rotation

By reversing the connection to the shunt

field coil with reference to the amature
 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

Restoring the residual magnetism to the frame of the

generator. This is done by passing battery current through
the field coils in the direction it normally flows when the
generator is operating
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

No, it operates on the rate of

temperature rise, and it identifies only
a fire

No, it only actuates when there is a fire

Halon 1301

It is corrosive to aluminum and magnesium

Carbon tetrachloride produces phosgene, a

deadly gas, when it is exposed to flames

One of the halogenated hydrocarbons, such

as Halon 1301, pressurized with nitrogen
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

The bottle discharge switch is uncovered and armed, the generator

field relay is tripped, fuel is shut off to the engine, and hydraulic
fluid is shut off to the pump. The engine bleed air is shut off and
the hydraulic pump low-pressure lights are deactivated

An electrically ignited powder charge blows

a knife through a seal in the HRD bottle

Water, Halon 1301, and carbon dioxide

The detector crystals in the indicator change

color

Photoelectric and visual smoke detectors

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

Smoke detectors are located in baggage

compartments and cargo areas

A dry-powder type extinguisher

By its weight

By checking the blowout plugs on the outside of the

aircraft near the extinguisher agent bottles

It takes only a small amount of current to ignite the

powder charge, and the method of testing must not
send this amount of current through it

The agent bottle has been discharged because of an

overheat condition
TURBINE ENGINES

The hot section and the cold section

Axial-flow and centrifugal

The stators convert some velocity energy into

pressure energy and change the direction of the air
so it is proper for the next stage of rotors

Can-type, annular-type, and can –annular - type

Two

The turbine nozzle directs the hot gases as

they leave the combustors so they will turn
the turbine wheel with maximum efficiency
 TURBINE ENGINES

A turboshaft engine that has a turbine wheel, or stage of turbine wheels, that
is not used to drive the compressor of the gas generator section of the
Axial-flow
engine. This free turbine drives the and
propeller in centrifugal
a turboprop engine or the
transmission and the rotor of a helicopter

A two-spool turbine has a low-pressure and a high –

pressure compressor, each driven by its own turbine.
The two independent systems operate a the speed at
which they are most efficient

Anti-friction bearings, such as ball bearings or

roller bearings

An axial-flow turbine in which the first stage

of compressor blades are lengthened, so they
can force air around the outside of the gas
generator portion of the engine
 TURBINE ENGINES

In the FAA-approved service manual issued

by the manufacturer of the engine

If the engine is shut down while it is hot, there is

a possibility that the shroud will contract around
the turbine wheel and seize the rotor

A start in which ignition occurs, but the engine does

not accelerate to a self-sustaining speed

A start in which ignition occurs, but the internal temperatures go high

enough that they can damage the engine

A condition of permanent elongation of the turbine blades. Creep is

caused by the height temperatures and the high centrifugal loading
imposed on the blades
 TURBINE ENGINES

An emulsion-type cleaner is sprayed through the engine while it is being motored

by the starter or operated at a low speed. The wash is followed by a clean water
rinse.

More vigorous cleaning is done by injecting a mild abrasive, such as ground-up

apricot pits or walnut shells, into the engine while it is operating at low speed

Into the compressor inlet and into the engine diffuser

case

At the inlet to the high-pressure turbine

These tubes allow the flame to travel from the cans

that contain the igniters to all of the other cans when
the engine is being started
 TURBINE ENGIENS

The mechanical blockage-type and the aerodynamic blockage-type.

Adjusting the fuel control to get the correct idling and maximum-
thrust RPM.
 ENGINE INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

In hundreds of RPM

In percent of the engine’s rated takeoff RPM

From the intake manifold of the engine

The thermocouple can be embedded in a gasket that is installed under

the spark plug of the hottest running cylinder, or it can be in a bayonet
that is held against the cylinder head by a spring
 ENGINE INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

The restrictor damps out pressure

pulsations in the oil to keep the
needle from oscillating

A pressure gage that measures the pressure drop

across injector nozzles

There is an open in the bulb circuit that causes the instrument to see an
infinite resistance. The higher the resistance in the bulb circuit, the
higher the temperature indication.
 ENGINE INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

A set of thermocouples aranged in an averaging circuit. These

thermocouples are installed in the tail pipe of the engine.

The temperature of the outside air.

A torque meter is actually an oil pressure gage. The pressure it measures

is produced in a torque sensor and is proportional to the amount of strain
in the torsional shaft that drives the reduction gears of the turboprop
engine
 ENGINE INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

The turbine discharge total pressure and the compressor inlet

total pressure.

Chromel and alumel

A bourdon tube mechanism

The N1 tachometer shows the RPM of

the low-pressure compressor, and the
N2 tachometer shows the RPM of the
high-pressure compressor
ENGINE INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

The turbine discharge total

pressure and the compressor
inlet total pressure.

Chromel and alumel

A bourdon tube mechanism

The N1 tachometer shows the RPM of

the low-pressure compressor, and the
N2 tachometer shows the RPM of the
high-pressure compressor

The speed of the crankshaft

 ENGINE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

No, this is a spot-type fire detection system, and it

cannot indicate an overheat condition

No, this is a rate-of-temperature-rise-type of system, and it

cannot indicate a general overheat condition

Current is sent through the heater in the thermal test unit.

This heats the thermocouple, which produces enough current
to close the sensitive relay. Current through the contacts of
the sensitive relay closes the slave relay and turns on the fire
warning light
 ENGINE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

No, the unit will show a fault when it is tested, but it

will still warn of a fire.

Yes, a high temperature on a small portion of the sensor or a

lower temperature over the entire sensor will cause it to release
enough gas to close the diaphragm switch and warn of a fire.

Halogenated hydrocarbon, such as Halon 1301, and carbon

dioxide
 ENGINE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

Halon 1301

The bottle discharge switch is uncovered and armed, the

generator field relay is tripped, fuel is shut off to the engine,
hydraulic fluid is shut off to the pump, the engine bleed air is shut
off, and the hydraulic pump low-pressure lights are deactivated

A pressure gage on the bottle shows the pressure gage on the bottle
shows the pressure of the contents of the bottle.
 ENGINE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

An electrically ignited powder charge blows a knife through the

seal on the bottle and discharges the contents

The thermocouple system

The built-in-fire extinguishing system has been discharged by

normal operation.
 ENGINE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

The built-in-fire extinguishing system has been discharged by

high temperature condition.

Low-voltage alternating current is sent through the sheath of the

detector element. This heats the element, and it releases enough
gas to close the diaphragm switch.
 ENGINE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

The built-in-fire extinguishing system has been discharged by

high temperature condition.

Low-voltage alternating current is sent through the sheath of the

detector element. This heats the element, and it releases enough
gas to close the diaphragm switch.
 ENGINE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

Solid wire is likely to break when it is subjected to vibration.

The current-carrying capability of the wire and the amount of

voltage drop htat is caused by current flowing through the wire.

By twisting the wires together, the magnetic fields caused by

current flowing in the wires are minimized.
 ENGINE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

A grommet around the edges of the hole

Wires passing through these areas are insulated with high

temperature insulation, and the wires are enclosed in some type
of protective conduit.

A minimum of six inches

 ENGINE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

The color of the insulation indicates the size of wire the

connector will fit. Red terminals fit 22-through 18-gage wire,
blue terminals fit 16-and 14 gage wire, and yellow terminals fit
12- and 10-gage wire

Four

Shielding intercepts radiated electromagnet enery and carries it

to ground so it will not interfere with any nearby sensitive
electronic equipment
 ENGINE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

The initial current flowing into a DC electric motor is much

higher than the current the motor uses after the armature
begins to rotate. Because of this high in-rush current, the
controlling switches must be derated.

Brushes and a commutator

The strength of the magnetic field produced in the voltage regulator relay
is proportional to the generator output voltage. When the voltage rises
above the regulated value, the relay pulls the contacts open and inserts a
resistor in the generator field circuit. The contacts vibrate open and
closed, putting the resistor in and out of the field circuit to control the
amount of voltage the generator produces.
 ENGINE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

Adjusting the voltage of the generators so they will share the

electrical load equally

Restoring the residual magnetism to the frame of a generator

by passing battery current through the field coils in the same
direction it flows when the generator is producing current

A full-wave, three-phase rectifier made up of six silicon

diodes
 ENGINE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

A hydraulic constant-speed drive unit between the engine and

the alternator

The voltage, the frequency, and the phase rotation of the

generators

The current flow must be reversed through the armature or the field
windings, but not through both of them
 ENGINE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

A high starting torque

The starter motor circuit

The ground connection must be disconnected first and connected last

The value of the alternating current that is needed to produce the same
amount of heat as this value of direct current.
 ENGINE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

A single-engine-mounted component that serves as a starter

for starting the turbine engine. When the engine is running,
the circuitry can be shifted so it acts as a compound-wound
generator.

When the wiring passes through an area in the aircraft where open wiring
could likely be damaged, such as through a wheel well.
 LUBRICATION SYSTEMS

The resistance of the oil to flow.

A lubrication system in which the oil is carried inside the engine itself

A lubrication system in which the oil is carried in a tank that is not a part of
the engine.
 LUBRICATION SYSTEMS

Hot oil is directed through the core of the oil cooler, but cold
oil is directed around the outside of the core so it will not be
further cooled

It is the temperature of the oil entering the engines

When very cold weather is anticipated, gasoline can be mixed with the
lubricating oil before the engine is shut down. This reduces the viscosity of
the oil and makes starting easier. When the engine is running, the gasoline
evaporates out of the oil
 LUBRICATION SYSTEMS

Hoppers are a part of the oil dilution system. Only the oil in
the hopper is diluted. This speeds up dilution and requires
less gasoline.

When the engine is running and the oil is warm, the gasoline
evaporates out of it.

They trap sludge that is in the oil and hold it until the engine is
disassembled at overhaul
 LUBRICATION SYSTEMS

The scavenger pump has the greater volume

In case the filter should plug up so it cannot pass any oil, the bypass
valve will open and allow unfiltered oil to flow htorugh the system.

This allows heat from the oil to warm the fuel so lice will not form on the fuel
filters
 LUBRICATION SYSTEMS

Synthetic oil

They are located inside the engine just ahead of the nozzles that spray
oil onto the bearings

To the engine crankcase

 LUBRICATION SYSTEMS

The word “OIL” and the permissible oil designations, or

references to the Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) for
permissible oil designations.

They maintain the proper quantity of oil between the piston and the
cylinder wall

They maintain the proper quantity of oil between the piston and the
cylinder wall
 LUBRICATION SYSTEMS

It is a program in which a sample of oil is taken from the

engine at regular intervals and sent to a laboratory, where it
is burned in an electric arc. The resulting light is analyzed
for the wavelengths of the elements that are present in the
oil sample. Traces of aluminum, copper, and iron in the oil
indicate wear of the pistons or wrist pin plugs (aluminum),
cylinder walls or piston rings (iron), main bearings or
bushings (copper). A single sample is meaningless. There
must be a series of samples taken at regular intervals to
measure the change in the amounts of these metals.

The oil temperature would be high and the oil pressure would be low
 LUBRICATION SYSTEMS

A lubrication system in which the oil cooler is located in the

pressure subsystem.

A lubrication system in which the oil cooler is located in the scavenge

subsystem. The oil that is returned to the tank has been cooled.
 ENGINE FUEL SYSTEMS

The bypass valve allows fuel to flow around the engine-driven

pump for starting and for emergency operation if the engine-
driven pump should fail

The shutoff valve must be on the side of the firewall away from the
engine.

To provide fuel pressure for starting the engine, to pressurize the fuel
lines to prevent vapor lock, and to transfer fuel from one tank to
another
 ENGINE FUEL SYSTEMS

Electrically operated centrifugal pumps

Back to the inlet side of the pump

The fuel becomes hot enough that it boils. Vapors are released from
the liquid fuel, and these vapors block the fuel lines so the liquid fuel
cannot flow to the engine.
 ENGINE FUEL SYSTEMS

Boost pumps in the fuel tank pressurize the fuel in the lines and
force the fuel into the fuel metering system

A pressure relief valve that is acted upon by a diaphragm as well as a

spring. Atmospheric pressure acting on the diaphragm varies the pump
discharge pressure so that it will remain a given amount higher than the
pressure of the air entering the carburetor.
 ENGINE FUEL SYSTEMS

For normal engine operation, the pressurizing and dump valve acts as a
flow divider, directing the fuel into the main or pilot manifold so it will be
discharged from the proper orifice in the duplex fuel nozzle.

When the engines is shut down, the dump function of the valuve dumps all
of the fuel form the manifold

All of the turbine fuel should be drained out and the system filled with the
proper grade of aviation gasoline. The engine should be given a
compression check, and all of the cylinders should be inspected with a
borescope. The oil should be drained and the filters carefully examined.
The engine should be given a completed run-up check.
 ENGINE FUEL SYSTEMS

Jet A and A-1, which are a special type of kerosine-base fuel. This is similar
to military JP-5

The fuel heater keeps the fuel warm enough that any water that
precipitates out of the fuel will not freeze on the filters.
 ENGINE FUEL SYSTEMS

Prist is an antifrreze agent that lowers the freezing pint of any water that
precipitates out of the fuel. It also acts as a biocidal agent that kills the
microbial growth that forms scum in fuel tanks. This scum traps and holds
water against the aluminum alloy in the fuel tanks and casuses corrosion.

This relief valve will open and allow unfiltered fuel to flow to the fuel control
device if the filter should become plugged with ice or other contaminants.