Ericsson WCDMA W11 HSPA

System Techniques
HSPA Basic Principles
Objectives of Chapter

Upon completion of this chapter the participants will be able to:

1. Explain the background and history of HSPA
2. Describe Short 2 ms TTI for HSDPA
3. Explain Shared Channel Transmission for HSDPA
4. Explain HSDPA Higher Order Modulation from QPSK to 16/64QAM
5. Explain HSDPA Fast Link Adaptation
6. Explain Fast Channel-dependent Scheduling for HSDPA
7. Explain HSDPA Fast Hybrid ARQ with Soft Combining
8. Describe HSDPA Dynamic Power allocation
9. Explain 2x2 MIMO
[Link] Multi Carrier
[Link] the UE capabilities for HSDPA
[Link] the basic principles for EUL in Ericsson
[Link] the EUL transmitter architecture and bitrates
[Link] the UE categories for EUL

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-2
 HSPA – Downlink Speed Evolution
14Mbps
64QAM 2x2 MIMO
21Mbps 28Mbps
Multi Carrier (2)
DB-HSDPA Multi Carrier (2) 2x2 MIMO + 2x2 MIMO
+ 64QAM + 64QAM + 64 QAM + 16 QAM
Combination Combinations Combinations Combinations
s
42Mbps 56Mbps
Multi Carrier (2)
+ 2x2 MIMO
+ 64 QAM
Combinations 84Mbps Multi Carrier (4)
+ 2x2 MIMO
+ 64 QAM
Combinations
168Mbps
advanced antenna techniques

336 - 672Mbps

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-3
HSPA - Uplink Speed Evolution
70 Mbps
MIMO

23 Mbps
Multi Carrier

12 Mbps
16QAM

5.8 Mbps
2 ms TTI

1.4 Mbps

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-4
 HSPA History

R5 R6 R7 R8 R9

3GPP

Ericsson

P4 P5 P6 P7 W10A W11A

P6FP P7FP W10B W11B

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-5
HSDPA Evolution
Coming release
Multi Carrier +
at
eg n
ion
84 64QAM + MIMO
r
g ai
g Multi Carrier
A g
56 + MIMO

c r u
t ga
m in 42 64QAM + MIMO
or Multi Carrier
p e cy or DB-HSDPA
S ien
f f ic 28 MIMO 2x2
e
21 15 codes, 64 QAM

7 10 codes, 16 QAM Peak rate in Mbps

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-6
 HSDPA Basic Principles

Fast Radio Channel Shared Channel Transmission

Dependent Scheduling Dynamically shared in time & code Fast Hybrid ARQ with
Scheduling of users on 2 ms time domain
basis Soft Combining
Reduced round trip delay
P

Fast Link Adaptation Higher-order Modulation Dynamic Power Allocation

Data rate adapted to radio 16/64QAM in complement to QPSK Efficient power &
conditions on 2 ms time basis for higher peak bit rates spectrum utilisation

First carrier

P Second carrier
S-
2 ms

Short TTI (2 ms) MIMO

Reduced round trip delay Multiple streams => Multi Carrier
double the datarate

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-7
Short TTI (2 ms)
› Reduced air-interface delay 2 ms

– Improved end-user performance

– Required by TCP at high data rates
› Necessary to benefit from other HS-DSCH features
– Fast Link Adaptation
– Fast hybrid ARQ with soft combining
– Fast Channel-dependent Scheduling

Rel 5 (HS-DSCH)
2 ms

Earlier releases
10 ms
20 ms
40 ms
80 ms

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-8
 Shared Channel Transmission
› A set of radio resources dynamically shared among
multiple users, primarily in the time domain
– Efficient code utilization
– Efficient power utilization

SF=1

SF=2

SF=4 Channelization codes allocated

SF=8
for HS-DSCH transmission
8 codes (example)
SF=16

TTI

Shared
channelization
codes

time
User #1 User #2 User #3 User #4

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-9
 Higher Order Modulation

› HS-DSCH supports QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM

› The modulation scheme is part of the TFRC (Transport
Format Resource Combination)

 16/64 QAM Useful mainly in good radio channel conditions

(high C/I, Little or no dispersion, Low speed)
e.g. Close to cell site & Micro/Indoor cells

6 bits/symbol
2 bits/symbol 4 bits/symbol

QPSK 16QAM
64QAM

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-10
 WCDMA Transmitter (downlink) QPSK
Single Transport Block Data rate Symbol rate
of dynamic size from 240ksymb/s Chip rate
MAC-hs (Pre-coded 480kbit/s 3.84Mchip/s
data (bits)) Modulation
Symbols
Channelization scrambling Code
Code 1- SF16 1
Data CRC Coding, Turbo Coding 1/3, Modulation I I I
Channel CRC Coding, Turbo Coding 1/3, Modulation
Interleaving, Rate Matching Mapping 1:2
1 Interleaving, Rate Matching Mapping 1:2
Q Q Q

I Pulse I RF Out
Pulse


Shaping
Shaping
Filter
Filter
I/Q Modulator
I/Q Modulator
Channelization scrambling Code Pulse
Code n - SF16 1
Q Pulse
Shaping Q
Shaping
Filter
Data Modulation I I I Filter
CRC Coding, Turbo Coding 1/3, Modulation
Channel CRC Coding, Turbo Coding 1/3, Mapping 1:2
Interleaving, Rate Matching Mapping 1:2
1 Interleaving, Rate Matching
Q Q Q

1 HS code -> 480 Kbps (PHY)

P4 Max 5 Channelization Codes

Max Phy. Rate = 2.4 Mbit/s Even symbols to I-branch
Odd symbols to Q-branch
P5 Max 15 Channelization Codes
Max Phy. Rate = 7.2 Mbit/s

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-11
 WCDMA Transmitter (DL) 16QAM
Modulation
Symbols
Single Transport Block Data rate Symbol rate
of dynamic size from 240ksymb/s Chip rate
MAC-hs (Pre-coded 960kbit/s 3.84Mchip/s
data (bits))

Channelization scrambling Code

Code 1- SF16 1
Data CRC Coding, Turbo Coding 1/3, Modulation I I I I Pulse I
Channel CRC Coding, Turbo Coding 1/3, Modulation Pulse
Interleaving, Rate Matching Mapping 1:4 Shaping
1 Interleaving, Rate Matching Mapping 1:4 Shaping
Filter
Q Q Q Filter


I/Q Modulator
I/Q Modulator
RF Out
Pulse
Q Pulse
Shaping Q
Shaping
Filter
Filter

Channelization scrambling Code

Code n - SF16 1 i 1q 1i 2q 2 I branch Q branch
0000 0.4472 0.4472
Data CRC Coding, Turbo Coding 1/3, Modulation I I I
Channel CRC Coding, Turbo Coding 1/3, Modulation 0001 0.4472 1.3416
Interleaving, Rate Matching Mapping 1:4
1 Interleaving, Rate Matching Mapping 1:4 0010 1.3416 0.4472
Q Q Q
0011 1.3416 1.3416
0100 0.4472 -0.4472
0101 0.4472 -1.3416
1 HS code -> 960 Kbps (PHY) 0110 1.3416 -0.4472
0111 1.3416 -1.3416
1000 -0.4472 0.4472
P4 Max 5 Channelization Codes 1001 -0.4472 1.3416
Max Phy. Rate = 4.8 Mbit/s 1010 -1.3416 0.4472
1011 -1.3416 1.3416
1100 -0.4472 -0.4472
P5 Max 15 Channelization Codes
1101 -0.4472 -1.3416
Max Phy. Rate = 14.4 Mbit/s 1110 -1.3416 -0.4472
1111 -1.3416 -1.3416

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-12
 WCDMA Transmitter (DL) 64QAM
Single Transport Data rate Symbol rate Modulation
Block of dynamic 240ksymb/s Chip rate Symbols
size from MAC-ehs 1440 kbit/s 3.84Mchip/s

Max 300 octets

Channelization scrambling
Code 1- SF16 Code 1
Data CRC Coding, Turbo Coding 1/3, Modulation I I I I Pulse I
Channel CRC Coding, Turbo Coding 1/3, Modulation Pulse
Interleaving, Rate Matching Mapping 1:6 Shaping
1 Interleaving, Rate Matching Mapping 1:6 Shaping
Filter
Q Q Q Filter I/Q


I/Q
Modulator
Modulator RF
Pulse Out
Q Pulse
Shaping Q
Shaping
Filter
Filter

Channelization scrambling
Code n - SF16 Code 1
Data CRC Coding, Turbo Coding 1/3, Modulation I I I
Channel CRC Coding, Turbo Coding 1/3, Modulation
Interleaving, Rate Matching Mapping 1:6
1 Interleaving, Rate Matching Mapping 1:6
Q Q Q
i 1q 1i 2q 2 i 3q 3 I branch Q branch

000000 0.6547 0.6547

000001 0.6547 0.2182

000010 0.2182 0.6547

1 HS code -> 1440 Kbps (PHY) 000011 0.2182 0.2182

000100 0.6547 1.0911

P7 Max 15 Channelization Codes
000101 0.6547 1.5275
Max Phy. Rate = 21.6 Mbit/s
000110 0.2182 1.0911

000111 0.2182 1.5275

… … …

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-13
 Fast Link Adaptation

› Adjust transmission parameters to match

instantaneous channel conditions
– Path loss and shadowing power control
– Interference variations
– Fast multi-path fading
› Bit Energy = Power  1/(data rate)
Bad channel Good channel
conditions conditions
 
› HS-DSCH: Rate control (constant power) more power less power
– Adaptive coding (R = 1/3  1)
– Adaptive modulation (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM)
– Adapt on 2 ms TTI basis  fast rate adaptation

› Release 99: Power control (constant rate)

Bad channel Good channel
conditions conditions
 
low data rate high data rate

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-14
HSDPA Scheduler
› Support for QoS differentiation:
– GBR vs Non-GBR
– THP to determine the scheduling priority class
› Consists of five main procedures:
I. Resource estimation (power & code)
II. Queue validation (channel quality & UE capability)
III. Resource sharing (SPI)
IV. Queue selection selects which PQs that will be allocated the
HS-DSCH resource in the upcoming TTI (flexible scheduler)
V. Remaining resource check for Code Multiplexing checks if
additional users can be selected if the amount of power and
codes available are sufficient.

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-15
Flexible scheduler
› Equal Rate
› Round Robin
› Proportional Fair - High Fairness
› Proportional Fair - Medium Fairness
› Proportional Fair - Low Fairness
› Maximum CQI
› Maximum Delay

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-16
 Fast Hybrid ARQ with Soft Combining
› Rapid retransmissions of erroneous data
– Hybrid ARQ protocol terminated in Node B
 short RTT (typical example: 12 ms)
– Soft combining in UE of multiple transmission attempts
 reduced error rates for retransmissions

P1,1 P1,2 P2,1 P2,2 P3,1

K
K

Transmitter

ACK
ACK

ACK
NAC
NAC

P1,2 P2,2
+ +
P1,1 P1,1 P2,1 P2,1 P3,1
Receiver

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-17
Two-stage Rate Matching - Hybrid ARQ

First Rate Matching Virtual IR Buffer Second Rate Matching

Systematic
bits RM_S
bit separation

bit collection
Parity 1
RM_P1_1 RM_P1_2

Parity2
RM_P2_1 RM_P2_2

RV parameters
› First RM: match to UE buffer memory
– ensures that the UE can buffer the received soft bits
› Second RM: match to number of channel bits
– HARQ: generate different redundancy versions, controlled by RV parameters

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-18
 Example: Fast Hybrid ARQ with Soft
Combining
2400

CRC insertion, rate 1/3 Turbo

coding, tail inclusion

2428 Systematic
› Numerical example 2428
bits
Parity bits
– 2400 TrBlk 2428

– 7000 soft buffer in UE First rate matching

– 3840 channel bits 2428

(QPSK, 4 codes) 2286

› Retransmission 2286
Initial Retransmission
– Chase or IR determined by MAC-hs transmission

– #channel bits can vary Second rate matching

First transmission
2428

› UE tries to decode the combined 706

706
signal
› hsIncrementalRedundancyOn = Second rate matching
Second transmission using Chase
2428

(FALSE/TRUE) 706
706

Second rate matching 0

Second transmission using IR
1920
1920

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-19
 Dynamic Power allocation
P

3GPP Release 99 3GPP Release 5

Power Power

Unused power
HS-DSCH(rate controlled)

Total cell power Total cell power

Dedicated channels (power controlled) Dedicated channels (power controlled)

Common channels Common channels

Power usage with dedicated channels t t

channels HS-DSCH with dynamic power allocation

› No need for extra spectrum/carrier

› Voice and data on same carrier

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-20
Antenna configurations SISO

TX RX

1 1

Shannon-Hartley theorem for SISO

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-21
 Multiple Antenna Systems – General MIMO

Shannon-Hartley theorem for MIMO

; M = number of streams

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-22
SU-MIMO vs MU-MIMO

Single User MIMO

(SU-MIMO)

Multiple User MIMO

(MU-MIMO)

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-23
Antenna configurations

- P RX
S

MISO

TX RX

SIMO

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-24
 Multi Antenna Possibilities
MISO or SIMO MISO or SIMO MIMO
Directivity Diversity Spatial Multiplexing
Antenna/Beamforming gain “Reduce fading” “Data Rate multiplication”

Example Example Example

- P
el
ay S
D
Channel knowledge (average/instant)

Transmit the signal in the Transmit the signal in all Transmit several signals in
best direction directions different directions

• Different techniques make different assumptions on channel knowledge at rx and tx

• Many technqiues can realize several benefits
• Realized benefit depends on channel (incl. antenna) and interference properties

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-25
HSDPA Multi Carrier Introduction
Peak L1
Physical rate:
42.2 Mbps
F1
First carrier
F1
10 MHz RF front
end combines F1
and F2 adjacent
Secondary Carrier
carriers
F2

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-26
Adjacent primary and secondary carrier
Adjacent Carriers

Primary Secondary Primary Secondary

Carrier Carrier Carrier Carrier

Frequency Frequency

Carriers used
by a given UE

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-27
Benefits of Multi Carrier

f1 Unused
SC Mode
capacity
on f1
f2

Time

MC Mode
f1 Unused
capacity
on f1 and
f2 f2 used for
HSDPA

Time
© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-28
UE Categories (1-16) for HS-DSCH

TS 25.306

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-29
UE Categories (17-28) for HS-DSCH

TS 25.306

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-30
Techniques for EUL
Link adaptation:
joint power and rate control

Shared resource:
HARQ: retransmissions - interference headroom
with soft combining - Iub capacity
- RBS HW

2 ms TTI

10 ms TTI Scheduling:
many simultaneous users
10 ms

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-31
 EUL - Example 2xSF4

Chc Gc
UE
Ch 256,0 Gd Scrambling
RSN, E-TFCI, Happy bit E-DPCCH Code
Gd
Ch 4,1
DTCH E-DPDCH #1
I I+jQ
I
Filter I/Q
 Filter
Mod.

DCCH CRC, FEC Q

MAC-es
E-DCH Interleaving
MAC-e 
Rate Matching Gd
DCCH Ch 4,1
E-DPDCH #2

Ch 256,0 Gd Q
Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits DPCCH
j
Ch 256,1 Gd
ACK/NACK, CQI HS-DPCCH

3.84MChip/s/SF4=0.960 Mbit/s
0.96+0.96=1.92 Mbit/s

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-32
 EUL - Example 2xSF4 + 2xSF2

Chc Gc

Ch 256,0 Gd
RSN, E-TFCI, Happy bit E-DPCCH
Gd
Ch 4,1
E-DPDCH #1
Gd I
Ch 2,1 UE
Scrambling
E-DPDCH #1
Code
DTCH
I
DCCH CRC, FEC I+jQ Filter I/Q
MAC-es
MAC-e
E-DCH Interleaving  Filter
Mod.
Rate Matching Q
DCCH
Gd 
Ch 4,1
E-DPDCH #2
Gd
Ch 2,1
E-DPDCH #1
Q
Ch 256,0 Gd
Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits DPCCH
j
Ch 256,1 Gd
ACK/NACK, CQI HS-DPCCH

3.84MChip/s/SF4=0.960 Mbit/s
3.84MChip/s/SF2=1.92 Mbit/s => 2 x 0,96 + 2 x 1,92 = 5,76 Mbps

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-33
UE Categories for E-DCH

Maximum Maximum number of bits of

Minimum Support for 10 Maximum number of bits of an E-
number of E- an E-DCH transport block
E-DCH category spreading and 2 ms TTI DCH transport block transmitted
DCH codes transmitted within a 10 ms E-
factor EDCH within a 2 ms E-DCH TTI
transmitted DCH TTI

Category 1 1 SF4 10 ms TTI only 7110 -

10 ms and
Category 2 2 SF4 14484 2798
2 ms TTI

Category 3 2 SF4 10 ms TTI only 14484 -

10 ms and
Category 4 2 SF2 20000 5772
2 ms TTI

Category 5 2 SF2 10 ms TTI only 20000 -

SF2 10 ms and
Category 6 4 20000 11484
(2SF2 + 2SF4) 2 ms TTI

SF2 10ms and 2 ms

Category 7 4 20000 22996
(2SF2 + 2SF4) TTI

NOTE: When 4 codes are transmitted in parallel, two codes shall be transmitted with SF2 and two with SF4

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-34
Summary of Chapter 1

Upon completion of this chapter the participants should be able to:

1. Explain the background and history of HSPA
2. Describe Short 2 ms TTI for HSDPA
3. Explain Shared Channel Transmission for HSDPA
4. Explain HSDPA Higher Order Modulation from QPSK to 16/64QAM
5. Explain HSDPA Fast Link Adaptation
6. Explain Fast Channel-dependent Scheduling for HSDPA
7. Explain HSDPA Fast Hybrid ARQ with Soft Combining
8. Describe HSDPA Dynamic Power allocation
9. Explain 2x2 MIMO
[Link] Multi Carrier
[Link] the UE capabilities for HSDPA
[Link] the basic principles for EUL in Ericsson
[Link] the EUL transmitter architecture and bitrates
[Link] the UE categories for EUL

© Ericsson AB 2011 | HSPA Basic Principles | LZU 108 7875 R2A | Figure 1-35