CRI 191

Pre-compre Rationalization

Prepared by: Roschel Mae B. Suplemento, M.S. Crim.

1. This is used when it is impossible to study or
measure the large group of population.
a. Descriptive statistics
b. Quantitative research
c. Qualitative research
d. Inferential statistics
1. Descriptive statistics generally characterizes or describes a set of data
elements by graphically displaying the information or describing its central
tendencies and how it is distributed.
2. Inferential statistics try to infer information about a population by using
information gathered by sampling. Most of the major inferential statistics come
from a general family of statistical models known as the General Linear Model.
This includes the t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Analysis of Covariance
(ANCOVA), regression analysis, and many of the multivariate methods like
factor analysis, multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis, discriminant function
analysis, and so on.
3. Qualitative research is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks an in-depth
understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting. It focuses on
the "why" rather than the "what" of social phenomena and relies on the direct
experiences of human beings as meaning-making agents in their every day
lives.
4. Quantitative research is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical
data. It can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test
causal relationships, and generalize results to wider populations.
2. It is the most frequently occurring value in the
set of scores.
a. Mean
b. Mode
b. Median
c. Frequency
Kinds of Statistics: Descriptive statistics and Inferential statistics.
1. Descriptive statistics generally characterizes or describes a set of
data elements by graphically displaying the information or describing its
central tendencies and how it is distributed.
The univariate analysis involves the examination across cases of one variable
at a time. There are three major characteristics of a single variable that we tend
to look at: the distribution; the central tendency and the dispersion.

a. The Distribution.
The distribution is a summary of the frequency of individual values
or ranges of values for a variable. The simplest distribution would list
every value of a variable and the number of persons who had each
value.
For instance, a typical way to describe the distribution of college students is by year
in college, listing the number or percent of students at each of the four years. Or, we
describe gender by listing the number or percent of males and females. In these
cases, the variable has few enough values that we can list each one and summarize
how many sample cases had the value. One of the most common ways to describe
a single variable is with a frequency and percentage distribution. An example is
presented below:
b. Central Tendency
The central tendency of a distribution is an estimate of the “center” of a distribution
of values. There are three major types of estimates of central tendency: Mean,
Median and mode.
1. The Mean or average is probably the most commonly used method of
describing central tendency. To compute the mean all you do is add up all the
values and divide by the number of values.
2. The Median is the score found at the exact middle of the set of values. One way
to compute the median is to list all scores in numerical order, and then locate the
score in the center of the sample. 1, 3,3,6,7,8,9 median is 6. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
median is 4.5
3. The Mode is the most frequently occurring value in the set of scores. To
determine the mode, you might again order the scores as shown above, and
then count each one. The most frequently occurring value is the mode. In our
example (15, 15, 15, 20, 20, 21, 25, 36) the value 15 occurs three times and is
the model.
c. Dispersion refers to the spread of the values around the central tendency. There
are two common measures of dispersion, the range and the standard deviation. The
range is simply the highest value minus the lowest value. In our example distribution,
the high value is 36 and the low is 15, so the range is 36 - 15 = 21. Another example is
shown below:

The Standard Deviation is a more accurate and detailed estimate of dispersion

because an outlier can greatly exaggerate the range (as was true in this example
where the single outlier value of 36 stands apart from the rest of the values. The
Standard Deviation shows the relation that set of scores has to the mean of the
sample.
In English, we can describe the standard deviation as the square root of the sum of the squared
deviations from the mean divided by the number of scores minus one.
2. Inferential statistics try to infer information about a population by using information gathered by sampling.
Most of the major inferential statistics come from a general family of statistical models known as the General
Linear Model. This includes the t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA),
regression analysis, and many of the multivariate methods like factor analysis, multidimensional scaling,
cluster analysis, discriminant function analysis, and so on.

TYPES OF DATA
a. Qualitative data are non-numeric.
(Poor, Fair, Good, Better, Best), colors (ignoring any physical causes), and types of material (straw, sticks,
bricks) are examples of qualitative data. Qualitative data are often termed categorical data. Some books use
the terms individual and variable to reference the objects and characteristics described by a set of data. They
also stress the importance of exact definitions of these variables, including what units they are recorded in. The
reason the data were collected is also important.

b. Quantitative data are numeric.

Quantitative data are further classified as either discrete or continuous.
1. Discrete data are numeric data that have a finite number of possible values.
A classic example of discrete data is a finite subset of the counting numbers, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} perhaps
corresponding to {Strongly Disagree... Strongly Agree}.
When data represents counts, they are discrete. An example might be how many students were absent on a
given day. Counts are usually considered exact and integer.
2. Continuous data have infinite possibilities: 1.4, 1.41, 1.414, 1.4142, 1.141421...
3. Mean, median, mode and frequency are examples
of:
a. Descriptive statistics
b. Quantitative research
c. Qualitative research
d. Inferential statistics
Kinds of Statistics: Descriptive statistics and Inferential statistics.
1. Descriptive statistics generally characterizes or describes a set of
data elements by graphically displaying the information or describing its
central tendencies and how it is distributed.
The univariate analysis involves the examination across cases of one variable
at a time. There are three major characteristics of a single variable that we tend
to look at: the distribution; the central tendency and the dispersion.

a. The Distribution.
The distribution is a summary of the frequency of individual values
or ranges of values for a variable. The simplest distribution would list
every value of a variable and the number of persons who had each
value.
4. Analysis of variance and T-test are examples of:
a. Descriptive statistics
b. Quantitative research
c. Qualitative research
d. Inferential statistics
2. Inferential statistics try to infer information about a population by
using information gathered by sampling. Most of the major inferential
statistics come from a general family of statistical models known as the
General Linear Model. This includes the t-test, Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA), Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), regression analysis, and
many of the multivariate methods like factor analysis, multidimensional
scaling, cluster analysis, discriminant function analysis, and so on.
5. Case study is what kind of research study?
a. Descriptive statistics
b. Quantitative research
c. Qualitative research
d. Inferential statistics
Case study design. It is a problem-solving technique wherein the study is
described from the past, present, and future. Suppose an investigator
wishes to determine the reading disability of a student. He collects data
through interviews, observation schedules, and tests. He analyzed the
factors associated with it. Then, he diagnoses the causal factors as the
basis for remedial treatment.
1. Descriptive statistics generally characterizes or describes a set of data
elements by graphically displaying the information or describing its central
tendencies and how it is distributed.
2. Inferential statistics try to infer information about a population by using
information gathered by sampling. Most of the major inferential statistics come
from a general family of statistical models known as the General Linear Model.
This includes the t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Analysis of Covariance
(ANCOVA), regression analysis, and many of the multivariate methods like
factor analysis, multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis, discriminant function
analysis, and so on.
3. Qualitative research is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks an in-depth
understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting. It focuses on
the "why" rather than the "what" of social phenomena and relies on the direct
experiences of human beings as meaning-making agents in their every day
lives.
4. Quantitative research is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical
data. It can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test
causal relationships, and generalize results to wider populations.
6. Are you the first researcher to come up with
such a research problem? This statement talks
about:
a. Originality
b. Usability
c. Replicability
d. Quality
7. Sometimes people around you could be tough.
Dealing with them is difficult. This
characterizes the quality of a researcher which
is being?
a. Curious
b. Patient
c. Creative
d. Wise
Ten (10) Qualities of a Good Researcher:
1. Research-oriented
2. Efficient
3. Scientific
4. Effective
5. Active
6. Resourceful
7. Creative
8. Honest
9. Economical
[Link]
8. The following are scopes of Criminological
Research, except:
a. Criminal Law and Jurisprudence
b. Forensic Sciences
c. Criminal Investigation
d. None of these
9. He is popularly known as the “founder of
modern research surveys”.
a. Paul Felix Lazarsfeld MODULE 1- PAGE 6
b. Orlando Wilson
c. Pythagoras
d. Leo Tolstoy
10. Research methods used by the researcher
can be found on what chapter of the paper?
a. Chapter 1
b. Chapter 2
c. Chapter 3
d. Chapter 4
 PARTSOFRESEARCH PAPER
1. The Problem and its Background
i. Background of the Study- includes the purpose and reason behind the conduct of the study
ii. Statement of the Problem- specifically points the important questions that the study needs to
answer
iii. Significance of the Study- who will benefit from the research and how they will be benefited
iv. Assumptions of the Study- expected outcome of the research
v. Scope and Limitations- the coverage of the study and all the things that it will not cover in order to
be specific
vi. Definition of Terms- defines technical terms based on how they are used in the study, specifically
in the title
2. Review of Related Literature: serves as the foundation of the study
3. Method and Procedures
vii. Method of Research- the kind of research used in your study, and answers why it is appropriate for
the study
viii. Subjects of the study-describes the respondents
ix. Description of Research Instrument- describes your instrument: interview, questionnaire,
observation
x. Data Gathering Procedure-narrates the process undergone by the study that leads to the findings
xi. Statistical Treatment Applied- includes the statistical tools and sampling method used
4. Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
i. Results of the Study- presents the information gathered using tabulated data;
serves as the basis of the Summary of Findings
5. Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
ii. Summary of Findings- summarizes the interpretation of data; directly
answers the statement of the problem
iii. Conclusions- are based on the findings; hypothesis and assumptions are
proved
iv. Recommendations- directly based on the significance of the study; includes
the recommended actions that should be done after the conduct of the study
such as further assessment of the subject
11. What part of the study where you can find the
summary of findings, conclusions and
recommendations of the researcher?
a. Chapter 2
b. Chapter 3
c. Chapter 4
d. Chapter 5
12. What part of the paper where you can see
the signatures of the chairman and panelists?
a. Dedication
b. Acknowledgment
c. Approval Sheet
d. Title Page
Components: Approval Sheet. The approval sheet is the second
1. Title page/Cover page-contains the page of a research paper, thesis, or dissertation. It
paper's title, the author's name furnishes the following information.
1. Complete titles of research paper, thesis or
2. Abstract-summary of the study dissertation.
3. Approval sheet-contains the name 2. Full name of the researcher/s
of the adviser, panelist and the 3. Degree to which the research paper, thesis or
dean dissertation is applied for
4. Acknowledgment- recognize 4. Statement of acceptance and approval
special assistance, research 5. Adviser’s full name and highest degree
funding, grants, and/or permission 6. Panel of Examiners’ full name and highest
to reprint copyrighted materials degree
5. Table of contents 7. Grade of the research paper, thesis or
6. List of tables- tables are dissertation
enumerated 8. Complete date of comprehensive examination
passed
7. List of figures- figures are
9. Complete date of submission
enumerated
10. School Dean’s full name and highest degree
8. Plate
13. Statement of the problem can be found on
what chapter?
a. Chapter 1
b. Chapter 2
c. Chapter 3
d. Chapter 4
 PARTSOFRESEARCH PAPER
1. The Problem and its Background
i. Background of the Study- includes the purpose and reason behind the conduct of the study
ii. Statement of the Problem- specifically points the important questions that the study needs to
answer
iii. Significance of the Study- who will benefit from the research and how they will be benefited
iv. Assumptions of the Study- expected outcome of the research
v. Scope and Limitations- the coverage of the study and all the things that it will not cover in order to
be specific
vi. Definition of Terms- defines technical terms based on how they are used in the study, specifically
in the title
2. Review of Related Literature: serves as the foundation of the study
3. Method and Procedures
vii. Method of Research- the kind of research used in your study, and answers why it is appropriate for
the study
viii. Subjects of the study-describes the respondents
ix. Description of Research Instrument- describes your instrument: interview, questionnaire,
observation
x. Data Gathering Procedure-narrates the process undergone by the study that leads to the findings
xi. Statistical Treatment Applied- includes the statistical tools and sampling method used
14.A research study starts with a problem and
ends with a ____.
a. solution
b. theory
c. decision
d. problem
[Link] is the enumeration of all the books, journals
and websites used in the study.
a. Biography
b. Curriculum Vitae
c. Bibliography
d. Appendices
BIBLIOGRAPHY (Module 18)
A bibliography has many kinds but the most common is the listing
of the works cited in endnotes or footnotes within the body of the
research paper, thesis or dissertation.
Another kind of bibliography goes beyond the works cited in the text but
the researcher has read these references, thus, these source materials
are included. A bibliography is a list of all of the sources you have used
(whether referenced or not) in the process of researching your work.
In general, a bibliography should include:
• the authors' names
• the titles of the works
• the names and locations of the companies that published your copies of the
sources
• the dates your copies were published
• the page numbers of your sources (if they are part of multi-source volumes)
16. This part of the paper should contain the
interest of the researcher why he intended to
pursue the study.
a. Abstract -Summary of the study
b. Introduction
-review write-ups, readings, and studies related to his present study
c. Related Literature to determine the similarities and differences of the findings between
the past and present studies.

d. Statement of the Problem -Place the topic into a particular context

that defines the parameters of what is to
be investigated.
17. What characteristic of a researcher wherein
he is always doubtful as to the veracity of the
result?
a. Prudence
b. Intellectual honesty
c. Intellectual curiosity
d. Healthy criticism
Characteristics of the Researcher:
1. Intellectual curiosity. A researcher undertakes deep thinking and
inquiry of the things, problems and situations around him. He is keen to
get information on these problems and situations often due to
unusualness and newness.
2. Prudence. The researcher is careful to conduct his research study at
the right time and at the right place wisely, efficiently, and economically.
3. Healthy criticism. The researcher is always doubtful as to the
truthfulness of the results.
4. Intellectual honesty. An intelligent researcher is honest to collect or
gather data or facts in order to arrive at honest results. Honesty is the
best policy of the researcher.
5. Intellectual creativity. A productive and resourceful investigator always
creates new research. He enjoys inventing unique, novel and original
researches, and considers research as his hobby.
18. It is the important section of the research
study where its coverage of the study are, the
subjects, the instruments, issues and duration of
the study:
a. Significance of the study
b. Conceptual framework
c. Scope and limitations
d. Theoretical framework
Scope and Limitations of the Study is an important section of a thesis,
dissertation, and research paper.
This includes the coverage of the study area, the subjects, the
research apparatus, equipment or instrument, the research issues and
concerns, the duration of the study, and the constraints that have a
direct bearing on the result of the study.

Scope- defines where and when the study is conducted and who the
subjects are. It deals with the extent of the study to be made.
19. It is also called the “importance of the study”.
a. Scope and limitations
b. Significance of the study
c. Research instrument
d. Theoretical framework
20. What symbolic construction which uses abstract
concepts, facts or laws, variables and their relations
that explains and predicts how an observed
phenomenon exists and operates?
a. Conceptual framework
b. Null hypothesis
c. Alternative hypothesis
d. Theoretical framework
21. It presumed as true statements of facts
related to the study:
a. Assumption
b. Conceptual
c. Hypothesis
d. Operational
22. What refers to a statement expressed clearly
and vividly in an interrogative or question form?
a. Research objectives
b. Theoretical framework
c. Research problem
d. Conceptual framework
23. What is an affirmation of an existence of
phenomena?
a. Null hypothesis
b. Alternative hypothesis
c. Conceptual framework
d. Theoretical framework
24. “There is no significant difference in the
responses of the respondents when grouped
according to age”, is a specific example of:
a. Null hypothesis
b. Alternative hypothesis
c. Conceptual framework
d. Theoretical framework
25. What part of the research that presents both
the independent and dependent variables of the
study?
a. Theoretical framework
b. Conceptual framework
c. Schematic Diagram
d. Statement of the problem
1. Theoretical Framework shapes the justification of the research
problem/research objectives in order to provide the legal basis for
defining its parameters. It is a symbolic construction that uses
abstract concepts, facts or laws, variables, and their relations that
explain and predict how an observed phenomenon exists and
operates.
"The theoretical framework is the “blueprint” for the entire research inquiry. It
serves as the guide on which to build and support your study, and also provides
the structure to define how you will philosophically, epistemologically,
methodologically, and analytically approach the dissertation as a whole.
2. Conceptual Framework presents specific and well-defined concepts
which are called constructs.
Conceptual framework is that it is primarily a conception or model of what is
out there that you plan to study, and of what is going on with these things and why
—a tentative theory of the phenomena that you are investigating.
26. It is a statement of purpose for which the
study is to be conducted.
a. Research objective
b. Conceptual definition
c. Operational definition
d. Research problem
27. It is the denial of an existence of trait, quality,
characteristics, relationship or difference of an
effect.
a. Alternative hypothesis
b. Theoretical framework
c. Conceptual framework
d. Null hypothesis
[Link] refers to an intelligent guess that is
formulated and temporarily adapted to explain
the observed facts covered by the study.
a. Assumption
b. Conceptual framework
c. Theoretical framework
d. Hypothesis
29. One of the qualities of a good researcher is
that he keeps on inventing unique, new, and
original research.
a. Resourceful
b. Scientific
c. Creative
d. Efficient
30. The type of research that is also called “pure
research”.
a. Basic research
b. Applied research
c. Action research
d. Library research
TYPES OF RESEARCH (module 2)
1. Basic Research- Is also called “fundamental research” or “pure
research". It is intended to add to the body of scientific knowledge by
exploring the unknown.
2. Applied Research- this type of research involves seeking new
applications of scientific knowledge to the solution of a problem, such
as the development of a new system or procedure, the problem is
identified and a new system or new method is applied in order to
solve the problem.
3. Developmental Research- research involving the application of the
steps of the scientific method in response to an immediate need to
improve existing practices. In other words, if a researcher continues
to find practical applications from theoretical knowledge and uses this
existing knowledge to produce useful products it is called
development research.
31. Characteristics of research that starts with a
problem and ends with a problem.
a. Methodical
b. Analytical
c. Cyclical
d. Logical
32. Who will answer the survey questionnaires
being floated by the researcher?
a. Subjects
b. Respondents
c. Students
d. Statisticians
33. One of the qualities of a good researcher is
that he is always precise in conducting his
research. Hence, he is:
a. Scientific -Systematic and methodical
b. Efficient -able to accomplish something

c. Resourceful -find quick and clever ways to overcome difficulties

d. Economical -Cost effective
34. What refers to the practice or science of collecting
and analyzing numerical data in large quantities,
especially for the purpose of inferring proportions in a
whole from those in a representative sample?
a. Statistik
b. Statista
c. Statistics
d. Status
Data- are individual pieces of factual information recorded and used for
the purpose of analysis. It is the raw information from which statistics
are created.
Datum (singular form) - a piece of information;
Data (plural form) - multiple pieces of information.
Statistics- refers to the practice or science of collecting and analyzing
numerical data in large quantities, especially for the purpose of inferring
proportions in a whole from those in a representative sample.
“Statistics” as defined by the American Statistical Association (ASA)
“is the science of learning from data, and of measuring, controlling and
communicating uncertainty.” A statistician is a person who collects and
studies statistics.
35. It is the number of inhabitants in a given
area.
a. Community
b. Society
c. Crime volume
d. Population
36. It is the process of gathering data of
information to solve a particular or specific problem
in a scientific manner.
a. Survey
b. Research
c. Scientific method
d. Census
37. It is a summary of the frequency of individual
values or ranges of values for a variable.
a. Distribution
b. Mode
c. Mean
d. Standard Deviation
Kinds of Statistics: Descriptive statistics and Inferential statistics.
1. Descriptive statistics generally characterizes or describes a set of
data elements by graphically displaying the information or describing its
central tendencies and how it is distributed.
The univariate analysis involves the examination across cases of one variable
at a time. There are three major characteristics of a single variable that we tend
to look at: the distribution; the central tendency and the dispersion.

a. The Distribution.
The distribution is a summary of the frequency of individual values
or ranges of values for a variable. The simplest distribution would list
every value of a variable and the number of persons who had each
value.
38. What refers to the square root of the sum of the
squared deviations from the mean divided by the
number of scores minus one?
a. Distribution
b. Mode
c. Mean
d. Standard Deviation
39. What refers to the skill of the researcher in
describing, delineating similarities and differences,
highlighting the significant findings or data and ability to
extract information or messages out of the presented
data?
a. Presentation of data
b. Interpretation of data
c. Analysis of data
d. All of these
40. It refers to a person who collects and studies
statistics.
a. Criminologist
b. Statistician
c. Scientist
d. Psychometrician
41. What is an estimate of the “center” of a
distribution of values?
a. Distribution
b. Dispersion
c. Central Tendency
d. Mode
b. Central Tendency
The central tendency of a distribution is an estimate of the “center” of a distribution
of values. There are three major types of estimates of central tendency: Mean,
Median and mode.
1. The Mean or average is probably the most commonly used method of
describing central tendency. To compute the mean all you do is add up all the
values and divide by the number of values.
2. The Median is the score found at the exact middle of the set of values. One way
to compute the median is to list all scores in numerical order, and then locate the
score in the center of the sample. 1, 3,3,6,7,8,9 median is 6. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
median is 4.5.
3. The Mode is the most frequently occurring value in the set of scores. To
determine the mode, you might again order the scores as shown above, and
then count each one. The most frequently occurring value is the mode. In our
example (15, 15, 15, 20, 20, 21, 25, 36) the value 15 occurs three times and is
the model.
42. Who is the Father of Modern Statistics?
a. Sir Ronald Fisher -Module 16 – page 9
[Link]
c. Albert Einstein
[Link] Boyle
43. These provide closure for the reader while
reminding the reader of the contents and importance of
the paper.
a. Findings
b. Recommendations
c. Conclusions
d. None of these
44. Conclusions should unite with the findings of
the study. The statement is correct.
a. Yes
b. Sometimes
c. No
d. I think so
[Link] of the characteristics of recommendation
is that it must be practical and workable.
a. Feasible
Characteristics of recommendation:
b. Logical (module 17, page 2)

c. Relevant Logical –should flow logically from

conclusions.
d. All of these Relevant –must meet the purpose and
scope as stated in the introduction.
Feasible –must be practical and
workable.
46. These interpret the findings or results of an
investigation.
a. Findings
b. Recommendations
c. Conclusions
d. Summary
1. Conclusions should unite with the findings of the study. If there are four
summarized results in the findings, there are also four conclusions. It is an
important part of the paper; it provides closure for the reader while reminding the
reader of the contents and importance of the paper. Conclusions interpret the
findings or results of an investigation. Recommendations follow conclusions and
are opinions supported by the report's findings.
2. Recommendations are based on the conclusions. This is arranged as they
appear in the findings and conclusions. If there are four research questions in
Chapter 1 and answered these four questions in Chapter 4, summarized the four
findings and conclusions in Chapter 5, there are five recommendations because
the fifth recommendation is for further research.
3. Summary of Findings summarizes the results based on Chapter 4. If there are
four specific research questions stated in Chapter 1 and answered in Chapter 4,
there are only four results summarized in this section and no presentation of
tables and graphs.
47. It is a set of statistical models that examine
patterns in multidimensional data by considering, at
once, several data variables.
a. Multivariate data analysis
b. Normative analysis
c. Univariate analysis
d. Classification analysis
Analysis of data (module 16)

-refers to the skill of the researcher in describing, delineating similarities and

differences, highlighting the significant findings or data and, ability to extract
information or messages out of the presented data. It is also defined as the
examination of data or fact in terms of quantity, quality, attribute, trait, pattern, trend,
the relationship among others so as to answer research questions that involve
statistical techniques and procedures.

There are ten types of data analysis:

1. Univariate analysis is the simplest form of analyzing data. “Uni” means “one”,
so in other words, your data has only one variable.
2. Bivariate analysis is one of the statistical analyses where two variables are
observed. One variable here is dependent while the other is independent.
3. Multivariate data analysis is a set of statistical models that examine patterns
in multidimensional data by considering, at once, several data variables.
4. Normative analysis is the activity of evaluating, and making, arguments
pertaining to questions of right and wrong.
5. Status analysis stresses real facts relating to current conditions in a group of
subjects chosen for each study.
6. Descriptive analysis merely describes the characteristics, composition,
structure ,and substructures that occur as units within the larger structure. He also
analyzes what makes the system work and regulates.
7. Classification analysis is usually employed in natural science subjects like
Botany, Biology, Zoology, Phycology, Conchology, Mycology, and the like.
8. Evaluative analysis is a type of data analysis that appraises carefully the
worthiness of the current study.
9. Comparative analysis, the researcher considers at least two entities and
establishes a formal procedure for obtaining criterion data on the basis of which he
can compare and conclude one is better than the other.
10. Cost-effective analysis is applicable in comparing the cost between two or
more variables, and determining which of the variables is most effective.
48. It stresses real facts relating to current
conditions in a group of subjects chosen for each
study.
a. Status analysis
b. Comparative analysis
c. Evaluative analysis
b. Cost-effective analysis
49. What is an in-depth study of naturally occurring
behavior within a culture or social group?
a. Ethnography
b. Longitudinal survey
c. Cross-sectional survey
d. Cohort Study
(Module 19)
1. Ethnographical study or Ethnography is an in-depth study of naturally occurring behavior within a culture
or social group. Social scientists sometimes refer to him as “field research”.
2. A cross-sectional survey collects information from a sample that has been drawn from a predetermined
population. It has three distinctive features: no time dimension, reliance on existing differences rather than
change following intervention; and groups are selected based on existing differences rather than random
allocation.
3. A longitudinal survey collects information from different points in time in order to study changes over time.
It follows the same sample over time and makes repeated observations. The same group of people is
interviewed at regular intervals, enabling researchers to track changes over time and relate them to variables
that might explain why the changes occur. It is a type of observational study and is sometimes referred to as
a panel study.
4. Cohort Study generally refers to a study conducted over a period of time involving members of a population
which the subject or representative members come from, and who are united by some commonality or
similarity. The use of cohorts is often mandatory because a randomized control study may be unethical. For
example, you cannot deliberately expose people to a person who is positive of coronavirus; you can only
study its effects on those who have already been exposed.
5. Phenomenology is the study of “phenomena”: appearances of things, or things as they appear in our
experience, or the ways we experience things, thus the meanings things have in our experience.
Phenomenology studies conscious experience as experienced from the subjective or first person point of
view. A phenomenological study explores what people experienced and focuses on their experience of a
phenomenon; multiple ways of interpreting the same experience.
50. It generally refers to a study conducted over a
period of time involving members of a population which
the subject or representative members come from, and
who are united by some commonality or similarity.
a. Phenomenology
b. Longitudinal survey
c. Cross-sectional survey
d. Cohort Study
51. It explores what people experienced and focuses
on their experience of a phenomenon; multiple ways of
interpreting the same experience.
a. Phenomenological Study
b. Longitudinal survey
c. Cross-sectional survey
b. Cohort Study
52. It is a type of observational study and is
sometimes referred to as a panel study.
a. Phenomenological Study
b. Longitudinal survey
c. Cross-sectional survey
b. Cohort Study
53. It contains supplementary material that is not an
essential part of the text itself but which may be helpful
in providing a more comprehensive understanding of
the research problem or it is information that is too
cumbersome to be included in the body of the paper.
a. Appendix
b. Curriculum Vitae
c. Appendices
d. Bibliography
(Module18)
1. An appendix (singular) appendices (plural) contains supplementary material that
is not an essential part of the text itself but which may be helpful in providing a
more comprehensive understanding of the research problem or it is information
that is too cumbersome to be included in the body of the paper. The word
appendix comes from the Latin "appendere," meaning "hang upon"; detailed
technical specs, maps, drawings, diagrams, photos, or other materials.
2. A CV (short for the Latin phrase curriculum vitae, which means “course of
life”) is a detailed document highlighting your professional and academic history.
It is longer (two or more pages), more detailed synopsis than a resume. Your CV
should be clear, concise, complete, and up-to-date with current employment and
educational information. In contrast, resume is French for "summary.“
3. Resume it emphasize skills and is used when applying for a position in industry,
non-profit, and public sector.
4. Bibliography - a list of all of the sources you have used (whether referenced or
not) in the process of researching your work. Conrad Gesner (1516-1565), the
Father of Bibliography. He was also a Swiss physician, naturalist, bibliographer,
and philologist.
54. What is a detailed document highlighting the
researcher’s professional and academic history?
a. Appendix
b. Curriculum Vitae
c. Resume
d. Bibliography
55. It is used when applying for a position in
industry, non-profit, and public sector.
a. Appendix
b. Curriculum Vitae
c. Resume
d. Bibliography
56. It is an itemized plan of activity with a time
frame to be undertaken by the researcher.
a. Plan
b. Outline
c. Schedule of Activities (Module 20), page 2
b. Survey
57. What stage of making a research paper is
the tabulation and analysis of data?
a. Writing stage
b. Planning stage
c. Data Processing stage
b. Oral Examination Stage
58. It is the raw form of the facts and figures
behind the statistics, available in the format of
numeric files.
a. Data
b. Records
c. Statistics
d. Files
Data- are individual pieces of factual information recorded and used for
the purpose of analysis. It is the raw information from which statistics
are created.
Datum (singular form) - a piece of information;
Data (plural form) - multiple pieces of information.
Statistics- refers to the practice or science of collecting and analyzing
numerical data in large quantities, especially for the purpose of inferring
proportions in a whole from those in a representative sample.
“Statistics” as defined by the American Statistical Association (ASA)
“is the science of learning from data, and of measuring, controlling and
communicating uncertainty.” A statistician is a person who collects and
studies statistics.
59. A numerical value used as a summary
measure for a sample, such as sample mean, is
known as a:
a. Population parameter
b. Sample parameter
c. Sample statistics
d. Population mean
60. What stage of making a research paper is
the construction and revision of a questionnaire?
a. Writing stage
b. Preparing stage
c. Data Processing stage
d. Oral Examination Stage
Schedule of Activities- is an itemized plan of activity with time frame to be
undertaken by the researcher. It serves as guide for the researcher to do each activity.
Below is an illustration of schedule of activities.
ACTIVITIES
1. Planning Stage
1.1 Determine the questionnaire (either standardized or researcher-made)
1.2 Fit the questionnaire to the problem/objectives of the study
1.3 Consider the adequacy of the 6 M’s (Manpower, money, machinery, materials, method and
moment of time)
1.4 Think about the variables
2. Preparing Stage
2.1 Construction of questionnaire
2.2 Revision of questionnaire
2.3 Validation of questionnaire
2.4 Dry-run the questionnaire to pilot sample
2. 5 Reproduction of questionnaire
2. 6 Determination of sample size
2.7 Administration of questionnaire to the subjects
2.8 Retrieval of the questionnaire
3. Data Processing Stage
3.1 Tabulation of Data
3.2 Computation of Results
3.3 Analysis of Data
4. Writing Stage
4.1 Chapter 1 (The Problem: Rationale and Background) 1 day
4.2 Chapter 2 (Review of Related Literature and Studies) 2 days
4.3 Chapter 3 (Research Methodology) 1 day
4.4 Chapter 4 (Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data) 2 days
4.5 Chapter 5 Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations) 1 day
4.6 Bibliography, Appendix and Curriculum Vitae 1 day
4.7 Encoding the Manuscripts 2 days Total 10 days
[Link] Examination Stage
5.1 Preparation for the Oral Examination 1 day
5.2 Oral Examination and Revision of the Research Paper 3 days
5.3 Submission and Retrieval of the Research Paper 2 days
5.4 Final Encoding of the Research Paper 2 days
5.5 Binding the Research Paper
61. What is the last stage of making a research
paper?
a. Writing stage
b. Preparing stage
c. Data Processing stage
b. Oral Examination Stage
62. What does APA stand for?
a. American Psychological Association
b. American Psychology Association
c. Association of Psychologist in America
d. Association of Psychiatrist in America
63. Using the APA format, what kind of spacing
is required on both the title page and throughout
the paper?
a. Single spacing
b. 1.5 spacing
c. Double spacing
b. None of these
64. In writing an academic paper in APA format,
you have to use an ____ inch paper.
a. 8.5 x 11 Module 21, page 3
b. 8.5 x 12
c. 8 x 11
d. 8 x 12
65. What is the standard font style when you
write a research paper using APA format?
a. Arial
b. Lustria
c. Times New Roman
d. Century Gothic
66. The first part of your paper is obviously the
____.
a. cover sheet
b. dedication
c. title page
d. abstract
67. Ideally, the title should not exceed ____
words.
a.10
b. 11
c. 12
d. 13
68. Which of the following does not belong to the
group?
a. Critical
b. Logical
c. Theoretical
d. Replicability
Characteristics of Research:
1. CRITICAL- Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. A higher level of confidence
must be established.
2. CYCLICAL- Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends
with a problem.
3. ANALYTICAL- The research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data,
whether historical, descriptive, experimental, or case study.
4. METHODICAL- Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using
systematic methods and procedures.
5. LOGICAL- Research is based on valid procedures and principles. Scientific study is
done in an orderly manner so that the investigator has confidence in the results.
6. REPLICATED- The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to
enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.
7. EMPIRICAL- Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.
The collection of data relies on practical experience without giving consideration to
scientific knowledge or theory.
69. What characteristic of research where
research design and procedures are repeated?
a. Replicability
b. Analytical
c. Methodical
d. Critical
70. Which of the following does not belong to the
group?
a. Methodical
b. Empirical
c. Cyclical
d. Conceptual
71. This is a decision-oriented research involving the
application of the steps of the scientific method in
response to an immediate need to improve existing
practices.
a. Basic
b. Developmental
c. Applied
d. Action
72. This type of research involves seeking new
applications of scientific knowledge to the solution of
the problem, such as the development of a new
system or procedure, new device, or new method in
order to solve the problem.
a. Basic
b. Action
c. Applied
d. Developmental
73. Research is based on the valid procedures
and principles. It means it is:
a. logical
b. cyclical
c. empirical
d. analytical
74. Research is conducted in a ____ manner
without bias using systematic method and
procedures.
a. methodical
b. analytical
c. critical
d. logical
75. It is also known as a blind date with the
unknown.
a. Research
b. Research instrument
c. Data gathering
d. Statistical Treatment
76. “What does the experience mean to the newly
appointed police officers?” If you want to find answer of
this question, then you are going to conduct a:
a. Case study
b. Thesis
c. Phenomenological study
b. Longitudinal survey
(Module 19)
1. Ethnographical study or Ethnography is an in-depth study of naturally occurring behavior within a culture
or social group. Social scientists sometimes refer to him as “field research”.
2. A cross-sectional survey collects information from a sample that has been drawn from a predetermined
population. It has three distinctive features: no time dimension, reliance on existing differences rather than
change following intervention; and groups are selected based on existing differences rather than random
allocation.
3. A longitudinal survey collects information from different points in time in order to study changes over time.
It follows the same sample over time and makes repeated observations. The same group of people is
interviewed at regular intervals, enabling researchers to track changes over time and relate them to variables
that might explain why the changes occur. It is a type of observational study and is sometimes referred to as
a panel study.
4. Cohort Study generally refers to a study conducted over a period of time involving members of a population
which the subject or representative members come from, and who are united by some commonality or
similarity. The use of cohorts is often mandatory because a randomized control study may be unethical. For
example, you cannot deliberately expose people to a person who is positive of coronavirus; you can only
study its effects on those who have already been exposed.
5. Phenomenology is the study of “phenomena”: appearances of things, or things as they appear in our
experience, or the ways we experience things, thus the meanings things have in our experience.
Phenomenology studies conscious experience as experienced from the subjective or first person point of
view. A phenomenological study explores what people experienced and focuses on their experience of a
phenomenon; multiple ways of interpreting the same experience.
77. Research is derived from the French word
“cerchier” which means to seek or:
a. search
b. investigate
b. collect
c. ask
78. It is an in-depth study of naturally occurring
behavior within a culture or social group. Social
scientists sometimes refer to this as “field research”.
a. Survey
b. Cohorts
c. Phenomenological study
d. Ethnographical study
79. It is an in-depth study of a single unit such
as one individual or one group.
a. Survey
b. Cohorts
c. Case study
d. Ethnography
80. Kian is a child in conflict with the law (CICL). He
was referred to the social welfare office. Mary Ann, a
social worker, would like to have an in- depth knowledge
on Kian regarding his family, friends and behavior. What
is the most appropriate type of research she should use?
a. Case study
b. Thesis
c. Phenomenological study
d. Longitudinal survey
81. You are new in snatchers – infested areas in Tondo,
Manila. The streets never run out of people – criminals and
potential victims alike. You are interested in finding out how
the criminal and potential victim behave during the attack. You
posted yourself to become a victim. What is the most
appropriate type of research you should use?
a. Case study
b. Ethnographical study
c. Phenomenological study
d. Longitudinal survey
82. It focuses on analyzing and interpreting
recorded material within its own context.
a. Content analysis
b. Both a and c
c. Document analysis
d. Data analysis
83. Your classmate would like to find out the traffic
violations recorded in the traffic violation receipts.
What type of research would you advise him to use?
a. Descriptive study
b. Both a and c
c. Document analysis
d. Case study
84. It analyzes documents and artifacts to gain
insights into what has happened in the past.
a. Library research
b. Developmental research
c. Historical research
d. Experimental research
85. When you are fascinated by the performance of
the PAST chiefs of police in your local police office,
then what will you conduct?
a. Library research
b. Developmental research
c. Historical research
d. Experimental research
86. You would like to develop a new theory on how
the informal settlers (squatters) view the nature of work
of demolition teams. The new developed idea is known
as:
a. Hypothesis
b. Variable
c. Grounded theory
d. Research
87. It involves a study of the effect of the
systematic manipulations of one variable or
another variable.
a. Library research
b. Developmental research
c. Historical research
d. Experimental research
Library Research- This is done in the library where answers to specific questions
or problems of the study are available. The historical method of research lends
itself to library research because the study is focused on the past and much of the
secondary sources are found in the library.
Field Research- is an excellent method for understanding the role of social
context in shaping people’s lives and experiences. It enables a greater
understanding of the intricacies and complexities of daily life.
Laboratory research- The research is conducted in artificial or controlled
conditions by isolating the study in a thoroughly specified and equipped area. The
purposes are: (1) to test hypotheses derived from theory, (2) to control variance
under research conditions, and (3) to discover the relations between the
dependent and independent variables. Laboratory research is applicable to
experimental, descriptive, and case study methods.
Experimental design- It is a problem-solving approach that the study is described
in the future on what will be when variables are carefully controlled or manipulated.
88. The manipulated variable is called experimental
treatment. It is otherwise known also as:
a. Construct
b. Dependent variable A variable is defined as a quantity susceptible to fluctuation
or change in value or magnitude under different conditions.
c. Independent variable Numerical values or categories represent these quantities.
b. Concept 1. Independent variable – this is the stimulus variable that
is chosen by the researcher to determine its relationship to
an observed phenomenon. MANIPULATES, CAUSES,
INFLUENCE.
2. Dependent Variable – this is the response variable that
is observed and measured to determine the effect of the
independent variable. It changes when the independent
variable varies. CHANGES, SEES THE RESULT,
RECIEVES THE EFFECT.
MODULE 11
1. Historical design. Good and Scates (1972) defined history as the “search for
knowledge and the truth”. In other words, historical research is a scientific critical inquiry
of the whole truth of past events using the critical method in the understanding and
interpretation of facts that are applicable to current issues and problems. It is both
science and art.
2. Descriptive design. The study focuses on the present condition. The purpose is to find
new truth. Descriptive researches are valuable in (1) providing facts on which scientific
judgments may be based, (2) providing essential knowledge about the nature of objects
and persons, (3) for closer observation into the practices, behavior, methods, and
procedures, (4) playing a large part in the development of instruments for the
measurement of many things and (5) formulation of policies in the local, national, or
international level.
3. Experimental design. It is a problem-solving approach that the study is described in
the future on what will be when variables are carefully controlled or manipulated.
4. Case study design. It is a problem-solving technique wherein the study is described
from the past, present, and future. Suppose an investigator wishes to determine the
reading disability of a student. He collects data through interviews, observation
schedules, and tests. He analyzed the factors associated with it. Then, he diagnoses
the causal factors as the basis for remedial treatment.
89. Police Corporal Sagung would like to find out the
velocity of a cal. 45 bullet when fired in freezing
conditions. Then he should conduct:
a. Library research
b. Developmental research
c. Historical research
b. Experimental research
90. It seeks to examine the strength and
direction of relationships among two or more
variables.
a. Correlational research
b. Developmental research
c. Historical research
d. Experimental research
According to your Depth of Scope:
1. Exploratory Research- It is based on the study of little-studied
phenomena, it relies less on theory and more on the collection of data
to identify patterns that explain these phenomena.
2. Descriptive Research- It define the characteristics of a particular
phenomenon without necessarily investigating the causes that produce
it.
3. Explanatory Research/ Causal research- The most common type of
research method and is responsible for establishing cause-and-effect
relationships that allow generalizations to be extended to similar
realities.
4. Correlational Research- To identify the relationship between two or
more variables.
 91. If you want to determine whether police officers’
AGE is related to their JOB PERFORMANCE. Then
you will do a:
a. Correlational research
b. Developmental research
c. Historical research
d. Experimental research
92. It uses instruments such as questionnaires and
interviews to gather information from a group of
subjects.
a. Focused-Group
b. Survey research MODULE 11, PAGE 2

c. Interview research
d. Secondary data
93. It is a problem-solving approach that the study is
described in the future on what will be when variables
are carefully controlled or manipulated.
a. Experimental design
b. Descriptive design
c. Case study design
d. Historical design
94. What research design is valuable in providing
facts on which scientific judgments may be based and
providing essential knowledge about the nature of
objects and persons?
a. Experimental design
b. Descriptive design
c. Case study design
d. Historical design
95. It is the statistical procedure concerned with the
describing of the characteristics and properties of a
group or persons, places, events or objects.
a. Descriptive statistics
b. Qualitative research
c. Quantitative research
d. Focused-group
96. It is the sum up of all the values and divided
by the number of values.
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
d. Frequency
97. The score is found at the exact middle of the
set of score.
a. Mean
b. Mode
c. Median
d. Frequency
98. It refers to the totality of objects, persons,
places or things used in particular study of
research.
a. Sample
b. Data
c. Population
d. Information
99. It is a small portion of the population.
a. Sample
b. Population
c. Data
d. Information
100. It is a characteristic or a property of a population
sample that differentiated a particular member from the
rest; example: age, sex, color of the skin, intelligence,
and attitudes.
a. Variable
b. Concept
c. Construct
d. Data