Secondary Memory

Secondary Memory
• Secondary memory is non-volatile and has a lower cost per bit. It
generally has an operating speed far slower than that of primary
memory.
• Secondary memory is also called as "Auxiliary Memory".
• It is primarily used to store a large volume of data on the permanent
basis that can be partially transferred to primary storage.

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Secondary Memory
• Secondary storage is the storage device that is designed to store data
and instructions (programs) in a computer relatively in permanent
form.
• It is non-volatile [Link]. Stored data and instructions can be
retained even if the power supply is cut off. It is also known as backup
memory.

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Secondary Memory
• Primary memory has limited storage capacity and is volatile.
Secondary memory overcome this limitation by providing permanent
storage of data and in bulk quantity.
• Secondary memory is also termed as external memory and refers to
the various storage media on which a computer can store data and
programs.
• The Secondary storage media can be fixed or removable.

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Secondary Memory
• Fixed Storage media is an internal storage medium like hard disk that
is fixed inside the computer.
• Storage medium that are portable and can be taken outside the
computer are termed as removable storage media.

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Fixed Storage
• A Fixed storage is an internal media device that is used by a computer
system to store data, and usually these are referred to as the Fixed
Disks drives or the Hard Drives.
• Technically, almost all of the data i.e. being processed on a computer
system is stored on some type of a built-in fixed storage device.
• Eg: HDD , SSD

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Removable Storage
• A Removable storage is an external media device that is used by a
computer system to store data, and usually these are referred to as
the Removable Disks drives or the External Drives.
• Removable storage is any type of storage device that can be
removed/ejected from a computer system while the system is
running.
• Removable storage makes it easier for a user to transfer data from
one computer system to another.

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Removable Storage
• Eg: USB DRIVES , CD , DVD, BLU-RAY DISK etc.

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Sequential Access
• Data is read or written in sequence one after another.
• Can’t go to the desired location without going through all the
preceding locations.
• Eg: Magnetic Tape.

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Random Access
• Data can be written to any location in random without going through
the preceding points.
• Also called direct access because any data from or to any location can
be read or written directly.
• Eg: Ram.
• Much faster than Sequential access.

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Magnetic Storage Devices
• Magnetic storage refers to the systems that keeps information or data
on a magnetized material.
• Data is stored and read with the help of magnetic properties
developed while applying electricity on a magnetized medium.
• The surfaces of this devices are coated with magnetic material such as
iron oxide or ferrous oxide.

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Magnetic Storage Devices
• The surfaces of these disks are coated with millions of tiny iron
particles so that the data can be stored on them.
• Each of these particles act as a magnet.
• The read/write heads of the disk drives contain electromagnets that
generate magnetic fields in the magnetic material on the storage
medium as the head passes over the disk.

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Magnetic Storage Devices
• The presence of a magnetic field represents 1 bit .
• The absence of a magnetic field represents 0 bit.

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Hard Disk Drives
• Most commonly used storage device for personal computers and
laptops.
• A hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile computer storage device
containing magnetic disks or platters rotating at high speeds.
• It is a secondary storage device used to store data permanently.
• Non-volatile means data is retained when the computer is turned off.

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Hard Disk Drives
• It is usually installed internally in a computer, attached directly to the
disk controller of the computer’s motherboard.
• The hard drive is often capable of storing more data than any other
drive, but its size can vary depending on the type of drive and its age.
• Older hard drives had a storage size of several hundred MB
(megabytes) to several GB (gigabytes).
• Newer hard drives have a storage size of several hundred gigabytes to
several TB (terabytes).

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Hard Disk Drives

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Components of a HDD
• Head actuator
• Read/write actuator arm
• Read/write head
• Spindle
• Platter

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Platters
• The platters are the circular discs inside the hard drive where the 1s
and 0s that make up your files are stored.
• Platters are made out of aluminum, glass or ceramic and have a
magnetic surface in order to permanently store data.
• On larger hard drives, several platters are used to increase the overall
capacity of the drive.

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Platters
• Data is stored on the platters in tracks, sectors and cylinders to keep it
organized and easier to find.
• Each platter is coated on both sides with magnetic material.

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Spindle
• The spindle keeps the platters in position and rotates them as
required.
• The revolutions-per-minute rating determines how fast data can be
written to and read from the hard drive.
• A typical internal desktop drive runs at 7,200 RPM, though faster and
slower speeds are available.

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Read/write arm
• The read/write arm controls the movement of the read/write heads,
which do the actual reading and writing on the disk platters by
converting the magnetic surface into an electric current.
• The arm makes sure the heads are in the right position based on the
data that needs to be accessed or written.
• There is typically one read/write head for every platter side.

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Actuator
• The actuator or head actuator is a small motor that takes instructions
from the drive's circuit board to control the movement of the
read/write arm .
• It supervise the transfer of data to and from the platters

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Read/write head
• The recording heads used for transmitting data to and from the
platter are called read and write heads.

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Floppy Disk
• It is also a magnetic storage media.
• IBM invented the floppy disk.
• One of the most commonly used floppy diskettes, capable of storing
1.44 MB of data.
• The rotation speed of disk is slower than HDD.
• The access time of this disk is also slower than HDD.

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Floppy Disk
• Today , these disks are not in common because of their low storage
capacity.
• It also contains the number of concentric tracks having number of
sectors on each track.

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Zip Disk
• It is also a type of portable media.
• Its storage capacity is about 800 MB.
• Its storage capacity is much greater than floppy disk.
• A zip disk drive is used to read and write data to and from zip disk.
• Not common now a days.

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Magnetic Tapes
• Oldest storage medium.
• Sequential access.
• Used to store data and instructions permanently.
• The magnetic tape is a plastic ribbon with width o.25 inch to 1 inch
and one side coated with magnetic recording material ( ferrous oxide
or iron oxide).

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Magnetic Tapes
• Data is stored in the form of magnetic field i.e magnetized and non-
magnetized spots representing 1’s and 0’s.
• In recent years, magnetic tape devices have become more rare with
the emergence of digital imaging and audiovisual media storage but
still used ofr long term backup and transportation.
• The tape is divided into vertical columns called frames and each frame
is further divided into horizontal rows called tracks.

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Magnetic Tapes
• Each frame represents one character and each track of frame stores
one bit for the code of character.

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Optical Storage Devices
• In the optical storage devices, all read and write activities are
performed by light.
• All recording information stores at an optical disk.
• Optical storage devices save data as patterns of dots that can be read
using light.
• Like tracks on magnetic disks , the tracks of an optical disk are divided
into sectors but shape is different in this case.

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Types of O.S.D
CD-ROM
• CD-ROM stands for “Compact Disc Read Only Memory”.
• Uses laser technology to store and to read to and from the disc.
• These types of disc can capable to store almost 800 MB of digital
data. These data can’t discard by mistaken.
• Once the information is stored on this disk, it becomes permanent
and can only be read.

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Types of O.S.D
DVD-ROM
• DVD-ROM stands for “Digital Versatile Disc – Read Only Memory”
• DVD-ROM discs can store data up to 4.7 GB, but Dual Layer DVD
device’s storage capacity is double.( data stored in both sides)
• These types of disc are used to store ultra quality video , music etc.

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Types of O.S.D
CD-R & DVD-R
Full form of (CD-R & DVD-R) is “CD-Recordable and DVD Recordable”,
and they are able to burn data on to them.
It is a blank disc that is used to store information.
The process of writing data on an optical disk is called burning.

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Types of O.S.D
• CD-RW & DVD-RW
• CD-RW & DVD-RW stands for “CD-Re Writable and DVD-Re Writable”.
• It is erasable disc.
• The user can write and over-write data on this disc many times.

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Types of O.S.D
• Blue Ray
• Blue Ray discs are totally replaced by DVDs, because these discs are
capable to hold data up to 25-50 GB, as well as double layer Blue Rays
discs can store double data.
• Due to high storage capacity, Blue Ray discs are used to store HD
(High Definition) videos.

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External Storage Devices

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