UNIT 5
Optical wireless Technologies
Integrated UROOF Transceiver and Mixed Wireless-wired UROOF
Channel
Integrated UROOF Transceiver
(IUT)
• The key element in UROOF architectures is the integrated UROOF transceiver.
• This transceiver is responsible for translating the UWB signal from the RF domain
to the optical domain and vice versa.
• Two IUT approaches are investigated:
1. The optically-controlled microstrip converter consists of an open-ended
microstrip line implemented on a semiconducting material. This device is
intrinsically unidirectional, as it produces an O/E conversion. The first IUT
approach combines OCMC for the O/E conversion with E/O conversion based
on VCSEL.
Cont…
2. The second approach is the enhanced electro-absortion transceiver (E-EAT). This
device is capable of O/E and E/O conversion simultaneously. In UROOF it is
implemented in an electro-absorption modulator (EAM) optimized for bidirectional
conversion. For optical input signals at a wavelength close to the absorption edge
the E-EAT operates as a modulator because the small voltage changes applied are
translated to a shift in the position of the absorption edge (i.e. transparency edge)
of the device. Optical signals at a shorter wavelength than the absorption edge are
absorbed and it effectively operates as a photodiode. The EEAT is intrinsically
bidirectional and is the most suitable option for bidirectional application scenarios.
It must be taken into account that bidirectionality implies the use of two WDM
channels, or the use of two fibres (uplink and downlink).
• This approach is taken without lack of generality, as the parameters employed can
be directly applied if an E-EAT device is used.
Cont…
• The integrated UROOF transceiver (IUT) includes the OCMC and the
VCSEL systems in order to convert the UWB signal from the optical to
the RF domain (OCMC) and vice versa (VCSEL).
• The IUT includes an amplifier, which prepares received RF and optical
signals to be converted and transmitted.
• The front-end amplifiers, standard in a typical UWB transceiver, can
raise the emission power and the system sensibility considerably, and
will compensate the propagation losses during free space or
transmission.
Link Analysis of UROOF Systems
• The optical link speed is mainly determined by the performance of
the modulation and demodulation process at the transmitter and the
receiver sides.
• The signal distortion is especially problematic in the case where the
signal to be transferred is analog, as a counterpart of digital 3R
regeneration (reamplification, reshaping and retiming) does not exist.
• Therefore, highly linear link is required to prevent signal distortion.
• As a result, the design constraints in analog links are more stringent.
Mixed Wireless-wired UROOF
Channel
• Basic UROOF Point-to-point Link
Basic UROOF Point-to-point Link
Power Budget
• the power budget and calculate the expected noise from a system
point of view:
Typical values for power budget
calculation
Carrier-to-noise Ratio
• The carrier-to-noise ratio(CNR) due to the signal propagation through
the UROOF distribution architecture.
• Several noise sources contribute to signal degradation in conventional
link: thermal noise, laser noise (RIN), photodetector noise and
intermodulation distortion due to the nonlinear response of the
system
Thermal Noise
• The CNR after the IUT Rx antenna is called CNRIUTRx. The CNRIUTRx at
the other side of the transmission link is given by
• where
• fFeRx and fFeTx are the noise factor of the RX and TX front-end amplifiers
respectively;
• ffibre stands for the equivalent noise factor due to the signal attenuation when
travelling down the fibre.
• In this case it is equivalent to the attenuation along the link;
• fVCSEL and fOCMC are the noise factor of the laser and detector respectively
Intermodulation Distortion
• The UROOF topology supports different UWB analog channels multiplexed in
frequency.
• This is a particular implementation of a subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) system.
• However, SCM technology is subject to some important system penalties.
• Because the channel spacing between subcarriers is small, a high nonlinear
distortion may be expected.
• The nonlinearity is reflected in intermodulation distortion
• composite second-order (CSO) distortion and
• composite triple beat (CTO).
• The UROOF architecture system has very stringent requirements on the noise
and the linearity of the system.
• The linearity of the two key conversion devices (OCMC, VCSEL) is of paramount
importance, so it is necessary to calculate the carrier-to-interference ratio (CRI)
due to nonlinearity
Cont…
• In subcarrier multiplexed systems the various electrical subcarriers are
combined and used to modulate the optical signal, which is then
direct detected.
• If the devices used in the electrical to optical (E/O) and optical to
electrical (O/E) conversion are nonlinear the various subcarriers are
mixed to form intermodulation products.
• Second- and third-order intermodulation products (IMPs) are
generated by every combination of two and three input frequencies,
respectively
Intermodulation products and harmonics
generated by a three-tone modulation of a
nonlinear device.
Cont…
• In subcarrier multiplexed systems the various electrical subcarriers are
combined and used to modulate the optical signal, which is then direct
detected.
• If the devices used in the electrical to optical (E/O) and optical to
electrical (O/E) conversion are nonlinear the various subcarriers are
mixed to form intermodulation products.
• Second- and third-order intermodulation products (IMPs) are generated
by every combination of two and three input frequencies, respectively.
• The interference resulting from source nonlinearity then depends
strongly on the number of channels and the distribution of channel
frequencies.
• Let us consider transmission of three channels with subcarrier
frequencies f1, f2 and f3
• In the UROOF application second-order IMPs, fi ± f j , will have to be
taken into account, since the transmission bandwidth occupies more
than one octave.
• The most troublesome third-order distortion products are those that
originate from frequencies fi + f j − fk and 2 fi − f j , since they lie within
the transmission band, leading to interchannel interference.
• The interference thus depends strongly on the number of channels,
and generally on the allocation of channel frequencies.
Cont…
• For an N-channel system with uniform frequency spacing, the number
of IMPs, of type 2 fi − f j and fi + f j − fk respectively, coincident with
channel r is given by
Total number of third-order
intermodulation products as a function
of channel number for a N = 122
channel system
Cont…
• Considering an OFDM-UWB system and considering only one sub-band, the total
number of channels N = 122.
• The total number of third-order IMPs as a function of channel number.
• It can be seen that the central channel is the one with the large number of third-
order IMPs.
• For large N, rIMN 11I and r MN 2I approach the asymptotic values of 3N2/8 and N/2
respectively, whereas the number of second-order IMPs is proportional to N. I
• n order to quantify the effect of the intermodulation distortion on the system
performance we define the carrier-to-intermodulation ratio for the rth channel
(CIR) as
• where m is the optical modulation depth and D111, D21, D11 and D2 are the distortion
coefficients, associated with each type of distortion.
Cont…
• For a device with a static nonlinearity the distortion coefficient will
depend only on the nonlinear characteristic of the device and so is a
measure of its linearity performance.
• However, if the device possesses a dynamic nonlinearity, sometimes
called nonlinearity with memory, which is a nonlinearity that is
frequency dependent, the distortion coefficient will also depend on
the specific channel frequency allocation.
• The direct modulation of the VCSEL corresponds to the latter case
since the laser dynamics are intrinsically nonlinear.
• This is a result of the interaction between the carriers and photons in
the laser cavity.