CHAPTER V: VECTOR
CONTROL
Lecturer: Abdiwahab Hashi Ahmed
VECTOR CONTROL
Definitions
Vector is an invertebrates which
transmit infection though
inoculation of M/Os by biting, or
depositing infective materials in
the skin or on food
VECTOR CONTROL CON’T
Advantages of insects
i. Pollenization of plants
ii. Natural silk production
iii. Honey & wax production
iv. Improve soil
v. Predation (spider on small insects)
vi. Scavengers up on decaying organic matter
vii. Serve as food
viii. Important in biological research
VECTOR CONTROL CON’T
Impacts of insects on public
health
1. Economical problems
2. Injure sense organs
3. Allergic reactions
4. Dermatitis , fever, blisters
5. Disease transmission/ vectors
6. Nuisance
7. Entomophobia (insectophobia)
8. Evenomization
VECTOR CONTROL CON’T
1. Economical problems
i. Insects spread disease
ii. Insects eat & spoil grains, seeds flour,
vegetables, fruits
iii. Insects destroy wooden structures, furniture,
etc
iv. Insects destroy clothing materials
v. Insects destroy growing plants & seeds
vi. Affect animal & animal products
VECTOR CONTROL CON’T
2. Accidentally injure our sense
organs
Enter eyes, ears, mouths, nostrils
VECTOR CONTROL CON’T
3. Allergic reactions
Allergic reaction like asthma, rash, Irritation &
itching are caused by the following ways:
When fragments of arthropods
inhaled
When arthropods bite/sting
Odors of arthropods.
4. Dermatitis , fever, blisters
Arthropods attack human tissue & cause dermatitis,
fever, blisters
VECTOR CONTROL CON’T
5. Disease vectors/ disease
transmission
Flies = Leishmaniasis, Onchocerciasis,
Trypanosomiasis, Typhoid
Mosquitoes= Yellow F., Filariasis, Dengue F.,
Malaria and chikungunya fever
Lice = RF & Typhus fever
Fleas = Plague & Endemic typhus
Bed bugs = Chagas
diseases(American trypanosomiasis)
VECTOR CONTROL CON’T
6. Nuisance
Interference with human comfort
Buzzing , biting of lice, bed
bugs, & rodents
Blood lose
7. Entomophobia
8. Evenomization (venom
applying)
Apply venom into the body of man
VECTOR CONTROL CON’T
Mechanisms of disease transmission by
Arthropod
1. Mechanical
2. Biological
1. Mechanical
When a vector transports M/Os on its feet,
body hair or other surfaces to human food
or directly to humans.
E.g. House fly, cockroaches etc.
VECTOR CONTROL CON’T
2. Biological
When the disease organism
multiplies or undergoes
changes in the vector
1. Propagative
2. Cyclodevelopmental
3. Cyclopropagative
4. Transovarian/ hereditary
2.5. VECTOR CONTROL CON’T
1. Propagative
Multiplication
Plague in fleas, yellow fever in
mosquitoes
2. Cyclo -developmental
Cyclical change
Filariasis
3. Cyclo- propagative
Cyclical changes & multiplication
Malaria
4. Transovarian/ hereditary/
Disease transmitted to the generation
by infection of the egg; Tick- borne RF
VECTOR CONTROL CON’T
Factors that affect vector
effectiveness in diseases
transmission
1. Receptivity
2. Specificity
3. Longevity
4. Frequency of feeding
5. Mobility
6. Number
7. Physiological & behavioral plasticity
VECTOR CONTROL CON’T
1. Receptivity
Ability to support the pathogen to
develop
2. Specificity
Exclusive to a specific
vertebrate host
3. Longevity
Live a sufficient period of time
4. Frequency of feeding
Nature of vector- host contact
frequency
VECTOR CONTROL CON’T
5. Mobility
Superior mobility aids in the rapid
dissemination of pathogens over a
wide area.
6. Number
Large number increases the chance
of feeding & infecting the host
7. Physiological & behavioral plasticity
Ability to develop resistant
mechanism by physiological &
behavioral means
VECTOR CONTROL CON’T
VECTORS OF PUBLIC HEALTH
IMPORTANCE
SAND FLY
BLACK FLY
TSETSE FLY
HOUSE FLY
MOSQUITOES (AEDES, CULEX,
ANOPHELES)
LICE
FLEAS
VECTORS OF PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE
VECTOR DISEASE
SAND FLY LEISHMANIASIS
BLACK FLY ONCHOCERCIASIS (EYE
BLINDNESS)
TSETSE FLY TRYPANOSOMIASIS (AFRICAN
SLEEPING SICKNESS)
HOUSE FLY TYPHOID
MOSQUITOES (AEDES, YELLOW FEVER, FILARIASIS,
CULEX, ANOPHELES). MALARIA.
LICE RELAPSING & TYPHUS FEVERS
FLEAS PLAGUE, ENDEMIC TYPHUS
RAT SALMONELLOSIS, LEPTOSPIROSIS
VECTOR CONTROL CON’T
Method of arthropods control
Environmental control principles targeted
at the:-
Control targeted at the Host
Control targeted at the Vector
Control targeted at the
Environment
1. PERSONAL PROTECTION
2. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
3. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
4. CHEMICAL CONTROL
5. HEALTH EDUCATION
VECTOR CONTROL CON’T
1. PERSONAL PROTECTION
i. Physical barrier
Screening of openings
ITN
Clothing- long trouser, long sleeved
shirts
ii. Chemical barriers/repellant:
Applied to body/clothing
Diethyl tolumide (DEET)
Diethyl phthalate( DAMP)
Benzyl benzoate
VECTOR CONTROL CON’T
2. Environmental control
Env’tal manipulation
Removal of vegetation to reduce
breeding of shade-loving
mosquitoes
Planting of vegetation to eliminate
sun-loving species
Drainage of impounded water
Filling
Appropriate sitting of houses
General sanitation
VECTOR CONTROL CON’T
i. biological control
ii. Predator insects
Fish, frogs & dragonfly
iii. Pathogens & parasites
Viruses, Protozoan, Fungi, Nematode
worms, Bacteria ( bacillus thuringiensis subsp.
israelensis)
iv. Genetic control
Altering the reproductive potential of
vectors by altering their
hereditary material
Sterilizing male insects by irradiation/
VECTOR CONTROL CON’T
4. CHEMICAL CONTROL
i. Mists, aerosols, & fogs
Application of insecticidal mists (51-100µm), aerosols
(<50µm) or fogs (<15µm)
Kill outdoor resting (exophilic) adult mosquitoes
i. Ultra-low-volume applications
Application of minimum (15L/ha) of
concentrated insecticides
Malathion, Pyrethroids & Propoxure
ii. Residual house-spraying
DDT at rate of 2g/m2 at 6 months
intervals
Kill indoor resting (endophilic) adult
mosquitoes
VECTOR CONTROL CON’T
iv. Oils
Spraying mineral oils onto the water surface of
breeding places to kill mosquito larvae by poisoning
& suffocation.
v. Paris green
Application of a fine dust of Paris green to breeding
places
Stomach poison to anopheles species etc.
VECTOR CONTROL CON’T
5. Health education
Dissemination of information to
communities about chain of disease
transmission & prevention &
control of vector borne diseases