Daniel H.

3. ROAD MAINTENANCE AND

REHABILITATION

10/19/2024 The current issue of Road Engineers

 3.1. Road Maintenance
2

The road transport network of any country plays a

vital role in its economy ,and the physical
condition of its infrastructure is critical.
With out adequate and timely
maintenance ,highways and rural roads alike
inexorably deteriorate, leading to higher vehicle
operating costs , increased number of accidents,
with their associated human and property costs
and reduced reliability of transport service .
When repair work can no longer be delayed it will
often involve extensive rehabilitation ,and even
reconstruction, costing many times more than
simpler maintenance treatment Danielcarried out earlier.
H. 10/19/2024
 What is maintenance
3

Road maintenance has been defined by the

Permanent International Association of
Road Congresses,
(PIARC, routine,
“Suitable 1982a) periodic
as and urgent activities to
keep pavement, shoulders, slopes, drainage
facilities and all other structures and property within
the road margins as near as possible to their as-
constructed or renewed condition.

Maintenance includes minor repairs and

improvements to
eliminate the cause of defects and avoid excessive
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
repetition of maintenance efforts.”
 Road Maintenance: Why?
4

 The purpose of maintenance is to ensure that the

road remains serviceable throughout its design life.
 Maintenance is important because it:
 prolongs the life of the road by reducing the rate of
deterioration, thereby safeguarding previous
investments in construction and rehabilitation,
 lowers the cost of operating vehicles on the road by
providing a smooth running surface
 keeps the road open for traffic and contributes to
more reliable transport services
 sustains social and economic benefits of improved
road access.
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Road maintenance…
5

 Late or insufficient maintenance will

increase the ultimate repair costs and
raise road user costs and inconvenience,
and reduce safety.
 The need to protect the existing network
and keep it in good condition is
paramount, often taking precedence
over new investment
 Road maintenance is therefore an
essential function and should be carried
out on a timely basis. Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Road Maintenance…
6

 Classify maintenance activities in terms

of their frequency.
 Main categories
I. Routine
ll . Periodic
Ill . Urgent

Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Road Maintenance…
7

1. Routine works:- these are works that are undertaken

each year. Activities can be grouped into cyclic and
reactive(recurrent) works types.
 Cyclic works are those undertaken where the
maintenance standards indicates the frequency at
which activities should be undertaken. Examples are
culvert cleaning, ditch cleaning , brush cleaning etc..,
which are dependent on environmental effects rather
than traffic levels
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Road Maintenance…
8

 Reactive (Recurrent) works are those where intervention level,

defined in the maintenance standard, are used to determine when
maintenance is needed.
 Frequency depends on engineering and traffic characteristics of
the particular road.

Example
 Unpaved Roads-
 Repair pot-holes and ruts ,blading (Light & Heavy)…..

 Paved Roads
 Repair pot-holes ,Patching, Crack seal, repair edges…….
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Road Maintenance…
9

ll. Periodic works:- these include activities undertaken at intervals

of several years to preserve the structural integrity of the road, or

to enable the road increase axle loadings.

 The category normally excludes those works that change the

geometry of a road by widening or realignment.

 Frequency depends on engineering and traffic characteristics of

the particular road.

 Works can be grouped into the works type of preventive,

resurfacing, overlay, pavement reconstruction.

Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Road Maintenance…
10

 Example
 Unpaved Roads
 Regravelling
 paved Road
 Resealing ( surface dressing) ,
Overlay ,Regravelling shoulders, road
surface marking

Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Road Maintenance…
11

III. Urgent Maintenance

 Required as when

 Emergencies

 Problems needing immediate action

when a road is blocked.

 Example

 Removal of debris and other obstacles,

placement of warning signs etc…….

Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 3.1.1 Surface condition
12
survey
 Types of Surface distress:
 Paved roads distress
 Bleeding or Flushing
 Potholes
 Rutting Channels
 Subsidence
 Alligator Cracking/ Crocodile Cracking/Crazing
 Patching
 Corrugation
 Raveling
 Transverse Cracking
 Longitudinal Cracking
 Low Shoulder
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Lacy Edge
 Surface condition survey…
13

 Unpaved roads distress

 Potholes
 Rut

 Corrugation

 Gullies

 Loose Gravel

 Improper Crown Shape

 Stoniness /Coarse Texture

Etc.

Daniel H. 10/19/2024
14
Paved Roads Distresses
1/Bleeding or Flushing
Description:- localized accumulations of
bitumen at road surface, making
the road appear black and shiny.
Probable Cause and Contribute factors:-
This distress is caused by excess asphalt in
the surface layer and/or low air void content
Contribute factors include:
 Insufficient covering aggregate.
 Lack of proper rolling during placement
 Failure to protect a newly constructed surface from traffic until the
asphalt has cured sufficiently
 How to maintain
 a/ Minor Bleeding can be corrected by applying coarse sand or stone
screening to bolt up(secure) excess asphalt.
 b/ Major Bleeding can be corrected by cutting off excess asphalt with motor
grader. If the surfacing is excessively rough, resurfacing
Daniel may be necessary.
H. 10/19/2024
 Paved Roads Distresses
15

2/Potholes
 Description: Localized
bowl-shaped holes in the
pavement surface.

 Probable Cause & Contributing Factors;- Potholes are caused by water

penetrating the surface and causing the base/or sub grade to become
wet and unstable.
They also may be caused by a surface that is too thin or that lacks sufficient
asphalt content, lacks sufficient base, or has too many or too few fines.
Potholes can also caused by a condition of high-severity alligator cracking.
 How to maintain;

Clean out hole, Remove any wet base, Shape holes so that it has vertical
sides, Prime hole, Fill hole with Ac/Surface treatment, Properly compact with
hand tamper or any appropriate means.
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Paved Roads Distresses
16
3/Rutting Channels
 Description: Channelized

deformation along the

wheel tracks and appears
about 50 to 80cm from the
edge of the pavement.
 Ruts are noticeable after a rainfall,

when the depressions are filled with

water.
 Probable Cause and Contributing Factors: Rutting is caused by heavy loads

and high tire pressures, possibly but not necessarily aggravated by loss in
bearing capacity and poor construction methods.
 How to Maintain

When there is rutting with out cracking, repair the area by replacing the
bituminous layers by materials of better compaction and if rutting is
associated with cracking, remove the old surface ,if the area shows signs of
mud being pumped to the surface, remove all wet material and reconstruct
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
the pavement.
17
Paved Roads Distresses
4/ Subsidence
 Description: Vertical depression of

the road surface, usually localized

and circular in shape, in many
instance, light subsidence are not
noticeable until after a rain, when
water is collected.
 Probable cause and Contributing factors; It can be result of sub

grade settlement caused by saturation, poor construction

methods or possible caused by materials poor quality.
 How to maintain

 Repair the affected area by replacing the base or sub base material
with material of better quality and composition and proper
compaction. If the depression is sever, start reconstructing from the
sub grade. Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Paved Roads Distresses
18
 5/Alligator Cracking/ Crocodile Cracking/Crazing

 Description; Alligator or fatigue cracking is a series of interconnected cracks, Cracking

begins at the bottom of the asphalt surfacing propagating to the surface initially as a
series of parallel longitudinal cracks. After repeated traffic loading, sharp-angled
pieces with a pattern resembling the skin of an alligator will develop.
 Probable Cause & Contributing factors: It is mainly caused by fatigue failure of the
asphalt concrete surface under repeated traffic loading.
 How to maintain
 To repair distress of such type, asphalt patching (Crack sealing) method of
maintenance can be applied.
It is highly recommended that this type of failuresDaniel
[Link] maintained
10/19/2024 at their early
stage with crack sealing.
 Paved Roads Distresses
19

 6/ Patching

 Description; A patching is an area

of pavement which has been
replaced with new material to
repair existing pavement.

 Probable Cause & Contributing Factors; Patching is operated in

order to adequately eliminate a defect.
 But sometimes, it does not correct the cause of the damage itself.
It is more or less a cosmetic solution to a defect. As a
consequence, the damage will reappear here and nearby.
 Hence patching reflects a weakness of the pavement.
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Paved Roads Distresses
20
 7/ Corrugation
 Description: Corrugation is a

series of closely spaced ridges and

valleys occurring at regular interval
along the pavement. The ridges are
perpendicular to the traffic direction and
usually extend across the whole width of
the carriageway.

 Probable Cause & Contributing factors; This type of distress is usually

caused by traffic action combined with unstable pavement or base
(inadequate stability of asphalt surface or base, compaction in wave
form.)
 How to Maintain
 To repair corrugation in a thin surface treatment, scarify the pavement,
add aggregate as needed, mix well, re-compact, prime and then
resurface. Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Paved Roads Distresses
21
 8/Raveling

 Description; Raveling is the wearing away of the pavement surface by

progressive loss of aggregate from the road surface.
 Probable Cause & Contributing Factors: This distress can be caused by
hardened asphalt binder or a presence of poor quality mixture. In addition,
raveling may be caused by certain types of traffic, e.g. Tracked vehicles.
 How to Maintain
 When a small percentage of the pavement is raveling, repair with a skin
patch. When a large percentage of the pavement shows raveling, the
pavement should be resurfaced.
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Paved Roads Distresses
22

9/Transverse Cracking
 Description: Cracks extending

across the pavement at

approximately perpendicular to
the pavement center line.
 Probable Cause & Contributing Factors; these may be

caused by thermal stresses of AC surface due to

daily temperature cycling or some form of
construction fault.
 How to Maintain

 This type of damage can be maintained by sealing

the cracked area. Daniel H. 10/19/2024

 Paved Roads Distresses
23
10/ Longitudinal Cracking

 Description: Cracks extending

parallel to the pavement’s
centerline.

 Probable Cause & Contributing factors; These types of

damage can be caused by ;
• poorly constructed lane joint.
• Thermal stresses in AC surface due to daily temperature
cycling.
• How to maintain
• Crack sealing can be used to maintain this type of damage.
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Paved Roads Distresses
24
 11/Low Shoulder

 Description; Low shoulder is a

difference in elevation between
the pavement edge and the
shoulder.

 Probable Cause & Contributing Factors; This is caused by

shoulder erosion ,shoulder settlement or by building up
the road way with out adjusting the shoulder level.
 How to Maintain
 Level the shoulder with the edge of the pavement with
appropriate material and better compaction.
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Paved Roads Distresses
25
 12/ Lacy Edge

 Description; Cracking and

disintegration of the outer edge of
pavement.

 Probable Cause & Contributing Factors; This distress is

accelerated by traffic loading and be caused by erosion of the
edge of the paved surface ,lack of shoulder support, shoulder
unstable or too low. This damage occurs in pavements in which
the road base & shoulders are of the same type of material.
 How to Maintain
 Repair the affected area by applying Asphalt patching with
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
bitumen and aggregate (surface treatment) or with cold mix.
 Unpaved Roads Distresses
26

 1/ Potholes

 Description: Bowl-shaped
depression in the road surface.

 Probable Cause & Contributing Factors:

 Potholes are caused by the loss of material from the road surface due
to the wear and tear action of traffic.
 They are aggravated under the presence of water inside the hole.
The road then continues to disintegrate because of weak spots in the
underlying soil and loosening surface material.
 How to Maintain
 Spot regravelling
 Regravelling of the total width of theDaniel H. 10/19/2024
pavement.
 Unpaved Roads Distresses
27

2/ Rut
 Description: Surface depression
in the wheel path that is
parallel to centerline of the
road.

 Probable cause & Contributing Factor:

 Ruts are caused by permanent deformation of the road layers due to
repeated vehicle activities.
 It can be aggravated by a deficiency of bearing capacity of the sub grade
material.
 How to maintain
 Fill the depression similar material as the pavement10/19/2024
and compact it by
Dani
keeping the crown shape. For area of high severity ,re-gravelling is
 Unpaved Roads Distresses
28

 3/Corrugation

 Description: Closely spaced ridges

and valleys (ripples) at regular Interval.
The ripples are perpendicular to the
traffic direction.

 Probable Cause & Contributing Factors :

 This type of distress can be caused by traffic and loose aggregate.
 This distress usually occurs on hilly, on curves, in area of acceleration or
deceleration, or in areas where the road is soft or potholed.
 How to maintain
Corrugation
 To can be clearly seen just after it has rained
repair this type of damage blading is recommended. The frequency of
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
blading depends up on the level of traffic and pavement material type.
 Unpaved Roads Distresses
29

 4/Gullies

 Description :Channels formed by

the loss of surfacing material as
a result of the flow of water over the
road, Gullies can occur transversely
or longitudinally.
 Probable Cause and Contributing Factors:

 This type of distress is caused by loss of shear strength of surfacing

material by tractive forces induced by flowing water.
 The type of material also contributes to this phenomenon.
 How to Maintain
 Formation of gullies could be avoided by properly maintaining side
ditches andMeasurement of gulleyiswith
grading or regravelling steel tapetoand
recommended maintain roads
straight
that are damaged byedge
gullies.
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Unpaved Roads Distresses
30
5/Loose Gravel

 Description; Unbound coarse gravel

material on the road surface. Loose
gravel may be distributed over the
full width of the road but most
frequently is concentrated away from the
normal road wheel path and forms berms
(mound) in the center or along the shoulder
( the less traveled area)

 Probable Cause & Contributing Factors;

 This type of distress can be caused by wear and tear action of traffic on
unsurfaced roads which will eventually loosen the larger aggregate particles
from the soil binder.
 This distress can also be caused by raveling of weakly bound material due to
lack of compaction or poor composition ( e.g. Grading, plasticity).
 How to Maintain
 Blend fine material with the loose gravel toDaniel
increase
H. cohesion and moist
10/19/2024
compact the material.
 Unpaved Roads Distresses
31

6/ Improper Crown Shape

Description: Poorly shaped

cross section of the road with
a slope that doesn’t drain water
from the road surface.

 Probable Cause & Contributing Factors:

 This type of damage can be the result of ruts, potholes and subsidence
formation on the road surface.
 Lack of routine maintenance to retain the crown of the road.
 How to maintain
 Maintain proper crown shape of the road by blading, for area of high
severity, re-gravelling is recommended.
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Unpaved Roads Distresses
32

7. Stoniness /Coarse Texture

 Description: The exposure

of large size aggregate
(larger than the usual
recommended size37.5mm) in
the road surface.

 Probable Cause and Contributing Factors:

 This type of distress occurs by wearing away of fines from pavement
under traffic load or by wind or water erosion of fines from the road
surface.
 How to Maintain
 Regravelling of the surface with a recommended aggregate size can
Daniel
be utilized to maintain roads with such [Link] damage.
10/19/2024
 Unpaved Roads Distresses
33

Road with high roughness due to coarse texture

Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 3.2. Road Rehabilitation
34

 Rehabilitation and construction are not

maintenance.
 Rehabilitation and construction are
major works needed when maintenance
has failed or improvements have to be
made.
 You need machines, fuel and spare parts.
 It is expensive and should be avoided
unless no alternative exists.
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Rehabilitation …
35

 are works that are needed to restore a

road to a maintainable condition.
 When a road is first constructed it is
relatively high level of ride quality, or
serviceability.
 As time goes on the combined effect of
traffic, age, and climatic cause the
pavement to deteriorate, or decrease in
serviceability.

Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Rehabilitation …
36

 Importance of road rehabilitation

 Increase skid resistance.
 Improve pavement profile (level up).
 Improve ride ability
 Increase structural capacity of the pavement.
 Reduce the rate of deterioration
 Improve surface drainage.
 Reduce water infiltration.
 Retard environmental deterioration.
 Enhance appearance
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Rehabilitation…
37

 Points to be considered in road

rehabilitation
 Type and severity of the defects
 Economy
 Availability of materials
 Availability of equipment’s
 Availability of skilled man power and
professionals
 Importance of the road to be rehabilitated

Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Rehabilitation on asphalt concrete
pavement
38

 There are essentially three main

rehabilitation options available for
asphalt concrete. These options include
the following:
Recycling

Resurfacing/
overlay/
Surface treatment /some what
maintenance/
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Rehabilitation
39

A) Recycling
 Recycling refers to any process that utilizes materials from an
existing pavement for reuse in the same or other pavements.
 In the case of the former, the reclaimed materials may be
reprocessed immediately through an on-the-spot recycling
train or in a relatively short time through a central asphalt
plant.
 In the case of the latter, the reclaimed materials may be
reprocessed and then used on a different roadway.
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Rehabilitation…
40

 Types of recycling
 Surface recycling
 Surface recycling is a hot or cold, in-place process that targets the
top 25 to 50 mm of pavement.
 Both cold- and hot-mix recycling operations target the surface and a
portion or all of the base.
 However, cold-mix recycling can be done either in-place or at a
central plant, while hot-mix recycling is performed at a central plant.
 This operation is divided in to two basic processes:
 Pavement removal, and
 Hot surface recycling.

Daniel H. 10/19/2024
Rehabilitation…
41

 Cold-mix recycling.
 Cold-mix recycling is a process in which reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) materials are combined with new
recycling agent and/or aggregate to produce cold-mix
paving materials.
 This process, which can be done in-place or at a central
mixing plant, requires no heat, and is performed to a
depth greater than 25 to 50 mm.
 The resulting cold-mix material is most often used as a
base course, on which a protective asphalt surface layer is
placed.
 It is appropriate for low-volume asphalt roads that are
severely cracked and broken, highly rutted, or very rough.
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Rehabilitation…
42
 Hot-Mix Recycling
 Hot-mix recycling is the process in which all or some portion
of the pavement structure is removed, reduced to the
desired size, and mixed hot with additional asphalt cement
at a central plant.
 The process normally includes the addition of new
aggregate, and may include the addition of a recycling
agent.
 The finished product is generally required to meet standard
materials specifications and construction requirements for
the type of AC mixture being produced (e.g., base, binder, or
surface course). Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Rehabilitation…
43

 Hot mix recycling is considered a proper remedy for

many pavement defects.

 In general, it can be used to correct mixture

deficiencies, to restore pavement smoothness, and

to increase the overall strength of the pavement.

Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Rehabilitation…
44

 The construction sequence for hot-mix recycling

typically consists of the following four activities:

 Full- or partial-depth removal of the pavement.

 Reduction of the RAP to the appropriate size.

 Reprocessing of the RAP through a hot-mix plant with the

addition of one or more of the following: virgin aggregate,

new asphalt cement, and recycling agent.

 Placement and compaction of the recycled hot-mix as a base,

binder, or surface course. Daniel H. 10/19/2024

 Rehabilitation of Unpaved road
45

Reading assignments

Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Overlay part of rehabilitation /resurfacing/…
46

Introduction
overlay
 A flexible pavement, with
accumulated traffic loads
and time in service, may
suffer one or more of the
following deficiencies:
 Excessive rutting
 Excessive cracking

 Inadequate ride quality

 Inadequate skid

resistance
of surface

Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Overlay as part of
47
rehabilitation
Introduction
 A flexible pavement, with accumulated

traffic loads and time in service, may

suffer one or more of the following
deficiencies:
 Excessive rutting
 Excessive cracking

 Inadequate ride quality

 Inadequate skid resistance

of surface
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Overlay as part of
48
rehabilitation
Introduction
 A flexible pavement, with accumulated

traffic loads and time in service, may

suffer one or more of the following
deficiencies:
 Excessive rutting
 Excessive cracking

 Inadequate ride quality

 Inadequate skid resistance

of surface
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Overlay …
49

Introduction ….

 In some cases, a pavement may be adequately maintained

and may not have the above-listed deficiencies, but the

pavement may have the following problems:

 Excessive maintenance costs

 Inadequate structural capacity for the expected future traffic loads.

 In all of the above cases, treating the pavement with an

overlay is the most commonly used method for

 restoring or upgrading the pavement to its desired condition and

level of serviceability. Daniel H. 10/19/2024

 Types of overlay
50

 The types of overlay on flexible pavements include

the following:
 Asphalt concrete overlay on flexible pavement
 Conventional Portland cement concrete overlay on
flexible pavement, in which the concrete layer is
placed un bonded over the asphalt surface.
 Ultra-thin Portland cement concrete overlay on flexible
pavement, in which a thin concrete layer of 10 cm (4
in.) or less is placed bonded Daniel
overH.the10/19/2024
asphalt surface.
 Overlay Design Procedure
51

 Overlay design procedures that have been

used can be grouped into three main
categories as follows:

1. Component analysis design

2. Deflection-based design

3. Analytically-based design
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Overlay…
52

 Component analysis design

A component analysis overlay design procedure
basically involves evaluating the condition of
the components (pavement layers) in the
existing pavement to be overlaid, and
comparing them to equivalent thicknesses of
new pavement materials to be placed.
 The required overlay thickness is equal

to the difference between the required total

thickness and equivalent thickness of the
existing layer. Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 overlay…

53

 A deflection-based overlay design

 procedure basically uses the surface
deflection caused by a nondestructive test
(NDT) to estimate the structural capacity of
an existing pavement.

 The required overlay thickness is the

additional pavement thickness that will be
required to bring the NDT deflection to the
desired level.
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 overlay…
54

 A deflection-based overlay design (cont’d)

This type of design procedure is usually based
on the empirical correlations between certain
NDT deflections and field performances.
Because of the empirical nature of this
procedure, the applicability of a particular
procedure is usually limited to regions of
similar conditions (such as, climate, soil type
and pavement materials used), and the same
NDT test procedure used.
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Over lay…
55

Analytically-based design
 An analytically based (or mechanistic) overlay

design procedure is based on the analysis of

stresses and strains in a pavement due to the
expected traffic loads, and the correlations of
the analytical stresses and strains to
performance.
 The required overlay thickness is the additional

pavement thickness that will be required to

bring the expected stresses and strains to the
acceptable levels to prevent failure.
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Evaluation of Pavement Performance for
Overlay
56

 In designing an overlay for an existing

pavement, it is imperative to perform a
thorough evaluation of the existing
pavement to determine its areas of
deficiency and deterioration.
 The causes of the deficiencies and/or
deterioration need to be determined so
that the proper pretreatments and
materials for use in overlay can be
selected.
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Evaluation …. for Overlay…
57

 This section describes

pavement’s:
 functional,
 structural and
 safety performance

Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 overlay
58

 Functional Performance
 The functional performance of a pavement is the
ability of the pavement to serve its users in its
primary function, which is to provide a safe and
smooth driving surface.
 The most commonly used measure of functional
performance of a pavement are its ride quality,
which is commonly quantified in terms of
 Present Serviceability Rating (PSR),
 Present Serviceability Index (PSI),
 Riding Comfort Index (RCI), and
 Ride Number (RN).
 Roughness is commonly quantified in terms of
International Roughness IndexDaniel H. 10/19/2024
(IRI).
 Overlay…
59
 PSR of less than 2.5 was considered to be
unacceptable for primary highways,
 a PSR of less than 2.0 was considered to be
unacceptable for secondary highways.

 where:
 SV = average slope variance in units of 10 -6.
 RD = average rut depth in inches.
 C +P = cracking and patching in ft2/1000 ft2.
The estimated PSR obtained from the measured
physical characteristics is termed PSI.
Daniel H. 10/19/2024
 Overlay…
60

Structural Performance
 Structural performance of a pavement is

its ability to sustain the applied traffic

loads without showing distress.
 Deficiencies in a pavement’s structural

performance can be manifested through

its observed distresses.
 The three main types of distresses are:

(1) cracking, (2) rutting, and (3) raveling

Daniel H. 10/19/2024
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 Safety Performance
 Two main common concerns in the
evaluation of pavement safety are
 the skid resistance of pavement surface
under wet condition, and
 the potential for hydroplaning.
 The pavement surface’s skid
resistance under wet condition is
commonly measured by the Locked
Wheel Skid Trailer. Daniel H. 10/19/2024
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Safety …
 Measurements of skid resistance are made in

terms of skid number (SN40), which is defined as:

SN =100 f
where:
 f =friction factor, or coefficient of friction as

measured by this test.

 A skid number of over 35 on a wet surface is

generally considered to be acceptable, while a

skid number of less than 25 is considered
unacceptable.
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 Hydroplaning
 Hydroplaning is the condition when the vehicle tires
loss contact due to the
 accumulation of water on the pavement surface.
 This can be caused by excessive rutting and/or
insufficient cross slope in the pavement, which can
cause accumulation of water on the pavement surface.
 A rut depth of 0.5 in. (10 mm) or more can create a
potential for hydroplaning.
 The absence of an open graded friction course on the
pavement surface also increase the potential for
accumulation of water and thus the potential for
hydroplaning.
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THANK YOU
Daniel H. 10/19/2024